Brahman: Absolute Consciousness in Advait (Non Dual) Vedanta Philosophy
Key Terms
Brahman
Maya
Witness Consciousness
Non-dual (Advait) Vedanta Philosophy
Philosophy
Vedic Philosophy
Subject Object
Subject Subject
Subject Meta-Subject
Absolute Consciousness
Phenomenal Consciousness
Turiya
Awareness
Adi Shankara
Sakshi
Akash and Prakash
Mayavad
Truth, Value and Freedom
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Bhattacharyya’s most remarkable idea is his notion of the Absolute as alternation. Instead of the Hegelian absolutization of the Absolute, he chose the dialectics of alternation both at transcendental and empirical levels of reality. The triple functions of consciousness in relation to its contents are: knowing, feeling, and willing. Each of them has its own formulation of the Absolute, namely truth, value, and freedom respectively. When cognition is given importance, the Absolute is viewed as truth; when emotion (devotion) is given importance, it is viewed as value; and when volition is given importance, it is viewed as freedom. These conceptions of the Absolute cannot be unified into one, because each is Absolute in turn.7 For Bhattacharyya, this alternation is not just our symbolic speakingabout the one Absolute in three distinct ways, but the very constitution (dynamics) of the Absolute.8
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
The idealist view of life and reality, which Radhakrishnan calls religion of the spirit, perceives the universe as ultimately spiritual. Brahman (Atman/ the Spirit) being the ultimate truth and the universe its self-manifestation, the spirit is our deepest self.
Radhakrishnan wanted all historical religions to transform themselves into the religion of the spirit, a spiritual vision that transforms the world and ensures human unity, universal moral order, and world peace.
Radhakrishnan tried to work out a positive account of the world by interfacing three concepts – Brahman (the Absolute), Ishvara (God), and the world. Brahman considered in its self-identity as pure consciousness is beyond all distinctions, qualifications, and descriptions. This one, absolute being, however, manifests itself as the world. The world is just one possibility of Brahman’s self-manifestation; other possibilities we may not know.
Brahman in its relation to the world is Ishvara (God). Ishvara is Brahman’s creative aspect, conceived as creator, redeemer, and judge. Immanent in the world, Ishvara guides and transforms it. Ishvara lasts as long as the world-process lasts. Although the transformation of the world is God’s action, it is essentially linked with human transformation. Despite limitations, human evolution and progress is teleological and moves toward a greater good.10 Human calling is to co-operate with the divine plan for the world’s transformation.
Typical of an Advaitin, Radhakrishnan held that our deepest self (atman) is identical to the transcendental Self (Atman) and is above transmigration. What is subject to transmigration is jiva, the empirical self. The world-process lasts until all jivas are liberated.11 When all jivas are liberated, the world will be transformed into Brahma-loka (the kingdom of God). The world and all jivas become one with God and God will be all in all. And finally the Brahma-loka, along with Ishvara, will lapse into Brahman. Thus Brahman remains the beginning and the end of the world. If and when another world-process begins is left to the freedom of Brahman.
“Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Source: “Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
Source: Advaita and the philosophy of consciousness without an object
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Key Sources of Research
“Mind/Consciousness Dualism in Sā̇ṅkhya-Yoga Philosophy.”
“Contemporary Interpretations of Shankara’s Advaita and the Affirmation of the World.”
Kaipayil, Joseph.
In Reason: Faithful and True (Essays in Honour of George Karuvelil), edited by Thomas Karimundackal and Dolichan Kollareth, 293-302. Pune: Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth, 2020.
1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
2Laboratory for Information Design and Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA †Vaibhav Tripathi, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-4188 *Correspondence address. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 64, Cummington Mall, Rm 149, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel: +1 857-253-8491; E-mail: vaibhavt@bu.edu
Subjects: Asian Religion And Philosophy Series: SUNY series in Religious Studies Paperback : 9780791412824, 285 pages, December 1992 Hardcover : 9780791412817, 285 pages, January 1993
In: Intellectica. Revue de l’Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°51, 2009/1. Le continu mathématique. Nouvelles conceptions, nouveaux enjeux. pp. 169-189;
Oxford: Clarendon Press. The standard biography of Brouwer. Volume 1, The Dawning Revolution, covers the years 1881–1928, volume 2, Hope and Disillusion, covers 1929–1966.
In: The History of Continua: Philosophical and Mathematical Perspectives. Edited by: Stewart Shapiro and Geoffrey Hellman, Oxford University Press (2021).
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