Reflective Display Technology: Using Pigments and Structural Colors

Source: E-Ink Inc.

Key Terms

• E Ink
• E Paper
• ACeP (Advanced Colors e Paper)
• E Readers
• Note/Writing Pads
• E Labels
• E TAG
• E Newspaper
• E Whiteboard
• ESL (Electronic Shelf Label)
• Signage
• Displays
• Reflective Displays
• Flexible Displays
• LCD/LED Displays
• QLED
• OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes)
• AM-OLED
• Electrowetting Display (EWD)
• Glass Based e Paper
• Flexible e Paper
• CLEARInk (E Ink + LCD)
• CFA (Color Filter Array)
• Electrophoretic display (EPD)
• OTFT (Organic Thin Film Transistors)
• Flexible AM OLED
• Flexible AM EPD
• Active Matrix OLED (AM-OLED)
• Organic Electronics
• Flexible Electronics
• Printed Electronics
• Conjugated Conducting Polymers
• Transparent Displays
• Luminescent Displays
• Passive Matrix (PM)
• Reflective LCD
• Transmissive LCD
• Transflective LCD
• Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
• ElectroChromic Displays (ECD)
• ElectroFluidic Displays (EFD)
• Photonic Crystals Displays
• Plasmonic Colors Displays

Source: Active control of plasmonic colors: emerging display technologies

Source: Review of Paper-Like Display Technologies

Technology of Dyes, Pigments, and Structural Colors

Source: Chromic Phenomena: Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry

Reflective Color Generation Technology in Displays

• Pigmentation
• Structural

Source: DYNAMICALLY TUNABLE PLASMONIC STRUCTURAL COLOR

Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Types of Reflective e-Paper Technologies

(Color and Monochrome)

• Electrophoretic
• In-plane Electrophoretic
• Electrokinetic
• Liquid Powder
• Electrochromic
• Electrowetting
• Electrofluidic
• MEMS (electromechanical interference modulation)
• Cholesteric liquid-crystal displays (Kent Displays)

Source: Review of Display Technologies Focusing on Power Consumption

Electronic paper, popularly known as e-paper, can be defined as a dynamic display technology that emulates traditional paper. As LCD, e-paper belongs to the non-emissive display category but, in this case, no backlight is needed since the ambient light from the environment is enough.

The display is composed of millions of microcapsules containing positively charged white and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear liquid, which are capable of producing the resolution only found in print. As they are bi-stable, they only consume power while the display is being updated. The power required for the update process depends on the size of the display.

The first commercial success of monochrome e-paper devices was due to the Electrophoretics technology, wrongly referred to as electronic paper displays (EPD), whose main exponent is microencapsulated electrophoretic displays, also known as e-ink [35]. Another similar approach, microcellular electrophoretic display films (SiPix), was bought by e-ink. There are other proprietary electrophoretic displays, which include Quick-Response Liquid Powder Display (QR-LPD) by Bridgestone [36], bichromal beads [37] by Xerox (Gyricon), or reverse emulsion electrophoretic display (REED) used by Zikon Corp.

Cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD), already mentioned as a subgroup of LCD, is generally classified as e-paper because of its zero consumption when it is not receiving screen updates.

Source: Review of Display Technologies Focusing on Power Consumption

A next generation of flexible, color and video e-paper is currently emerging. The most promising seems to be the electro-wetting approach (EWD) [38]. Its main component, liquavista (see Figure 3b), was developed by Philips but currently belongs to Amazon. Another interesting technology based on Interferometric Modulation (IMOD) is microelectromechanical sytems (MEMS) [39], whose potential has been demonstrated through several prototypes (trademarked Mirasol [40]) developed by Qualcomm.

Some other remarkable developments are the in-plane electrophoretics (IPE) patented by Canon [41] and HP’s Electrokinetic (EKD) [42], although they are at least several years away from a general market uptake [43].

Another less matured technology is electrofluidic [44], which presents the main novelty of using a three-dimensional microfluidic device structure and offering brilliantly colored aqueous pigment dispersions. Recently, other lines of investigation have aimed to simulate traditional paper through electronic paper made from microbial cellulose [45].

Source: Biological versus electronic adaptive coloration: how can one inform the other?

Other reflective liquid-crystal displays

• Conventional reflective polarizer-based liquid crystal
• Transflective liquid-crystal displays
• Electromagnetic (EMD ) displays

• Photonic Crystals Displays (P -Ink)
• Plasmonic Structural Colors

Other Display Technologies

• Bistable LCDs – Reflective – Cholesteric
• Nemoptic – BiNem/OLED dual Mode Display- Sold rights to Seiko Japan
• ZBD Display – PM-LCD Reflective Display – Acquired by New Vision Display China
• Fujitsu’s Color E-paper Mobile Display – FLEPia – Discontinued 2010 

Reflective Displays using Pigments

• Electrophoretic Displays
• Electrowetting Displays
• Electrochromic Displays

Electrophoretic Displays – Reflective

(eReaders and Note taking/Writing Pads)

(Monochrome and Color)

(EPD)

• E ink
• E Paper
• Yotaphone
• E Ink Triton
• E Ink Triton 2
• E Ink Kaleido
• E Ink Kaleido 2
• Hisense
• Pocketbook
• Onyx Boox Poke 2
• Onyx Max Lumi
• Quirk logic Papyr
• Ratta Supernote A5X
• Onyx Note Air
• iReader
• iFLYTEK
• Amazon Kindle
• Etch a Sketch
• Magna Doodle
• Remarkable 2
• Ricoh Whiteboard 42 inch
• Hisense A7 CC 6.7 Inch Smartphone
• Kobo Libra H20
• Amazon Paperwhite
• Amazon Oasis
• Bigme S3 7.8 Color E-reader
• Kobo Nia e Readers
• Boyue Likebook
• Pocketbook Inkpad Color
• Onyx Boox Poke 2 Color

Electrophoretic Displays – Reflective

Source: Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

Electrophoretic Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

In-plane Electrophoretic Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

ElectroKinetic Displays

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Liquid Powder Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Companies manufacturing Reflective Displays

The key players in the global e-paper display market are

• Displaydata Ltd. (UK) 
• Display Innovations (UK) 
• Kent Displays, Inc. (USA) 
• LANCOM Systems GmbH (Germany) 
• Liquavista B.V. (The Netherlands) 
• Xerox Corp. (USA) 
• Zikon, Inc. (USA)
• Qualcomm
• Gamma Dynamics
• ITRI
• GUANGZHOU OED TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD
• InkCase Enterprise Pte Ltd
• Plastic Logic HK Ltd
• GDS Holding S.r.l.
• Epson Europe Electronics GmbH
• GDS S.p.a
• Motion Display
• MPicoSys Low Power Innovators
• Omni-ID
• Solomon Systech
• E Ink Holdings Inc (Taiwan)
• Sony Corporation (Japan)
• Pervasive Display Inc (Taiwan)
• Samsung Display Co, Ltd (South Korea)
• LG Display Co Ltd. (South Korea)
• Plastic Logic GmbH (Germany)
• Cambrios Technologies Corporation (US)
• Bridgestone Corporation (Japan)
• Visionect (Slovenia)
• CLEARink Displays (US)

Global E-Paper Display Market Scope and Market Size

E-paper display market is segmented on the basis of product, type, technology and end user. The growth among segments helps you analyse niche pockets of growth and strategies to approach the market and determine your core application areas and the difference in your target markets.
• E-paper display market on the basis of product has been segmented as e-readers, mobile devices, smart cards, poster & signage, auxiliary displays and electronic shelf label, and wearables.
• Based on technology, e-paper display market has been segmented into electrophoretic display, electrowetting display, cholesteric display, interferometric modular display, and others.
• On the basis of type, e-paper display market has been segmented into flat EPDs, curved EPDs, flexible EPDs, and foldable EPDs
• E-paper display has also been segmented on the basis of end user into automotive, consumer electronics, retail, healthcare and media & entertainment.

https://www.plasticlogic.com/e-paper-displays-explained/

E-PAPER DISPLAYS EXPLAINED
We so often eulogise about the limitless possibilities e-paper displays enable and the exciting opportunities the technology creates for market growth, differentiation and competitive advantage — but for the uninitiated reader, we thought it might be helpful in this blog to take a step back and look at how e-paper works.

E-paper goes by many names and spellings — electronic paper, ePaper, electronic ink, e ink, electrophoretic displays, EPD — but all these terms effectively describe the same thing: an electrically-charged surface that replicates the look and experience of ink on paper.

Instead of a traditional display that uses backlighting to illuminate pixels, e-paper is based on the science of “electrophoresis” — i.e. the movement of electrically charged molecules in an electric field.

In every e-paper display there are millions of tiny microcapsules containing (negatively charged) black and (positively charged) white pigments suspended in a clear fluid. This encapsulated ‘ink’ is then printed onto a plastic film and laminated on to a layer of circuitry, or — to be even more specific — a transistor matrix layer. The circuitry forms a pattern of pixels that is then controlled by a display driver (EPD controller).

When a negative electric field is applied to the ‘ink’, the white particles move to the top of the capsule making the surface appear white at that specific spot. Reverse this process and the black particles appear at the top making the surface of the capsule appear dark. The technology can also work in colour in just the same way but using a combination of different colour pigments and electric charges, or just by adding a colour filter on top of the display.

The way e-paper works differs from traditional displays in two key ways:

E-paper screens are reflective — light from the environment is reflected from the surface of the e-paper display towards the user’s eyes, just like with traditional paper. This gives e-paper a wide viewing angle that is readable in direct sunlight.
E-paper screens are bi-stable — unlike conventional backlit flat panel LCD displays, which refresh about 30 times per second and require a constant power supply to maintain content, e-paper displays will hold a static image ‘forever’, even without electricity. E-paper only consumes power when the content on it changes – for example if an e-paper shelf label in a supermarket is updated with a new price. The rest of the time the display will simply show the content you want it to, where it doesn’t draw any power until the next update.

Making e-paper flexible

Here at Plastic Logic Germany, we took e-paper one stage further and successfully industrialised a process to create glass-free backplanes, which represents the transistor matrix layer mentioned above. We are the first company worldwide able to manufacture transistor arrays on plastic. Instead of using traditional silicon transistors, our active-matrix backplane consists of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) made from the same plastic used to for cola bottles (PET). This means we can couple a flexible backplane with a flexible display medium, such as flexible OLED or flexible electrophoretic layer, to create a fully flexible display with limitless possibilities. In addition to the flexibility, our glass-free electrophoretic displays also more robust, shatterproof and lightweight compared to glass-based displays.

If you want to know more about flexible plastic e-paper display technology’s suitability for a given use case and to get some inspiration via the applications which are already successfully showcasing the opportunities and rewards achievable through flexible e-paper innovation check out our latest flexible e-paper whitepaper.

By Plastic Logic

Flexible Displays

• Flat
• Curved
• Foldable
• Rollable
• Printable
• Without Glass
• On Plastic

Electrowetting Displays (EWD)

• LiquaVista
• Etulipa
• ADT

CMY Colors vs RGB Colors

Source: Current commercialization status of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidics

The emergence of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) in the early 2000s made the once-obscure electrowetting phenomenon practical and led to numerous activities over the last two decades. As an eloquent microscale liquid handling technology that gave birth to digital microfluidics, EWOD has served as the basis for many commercial products over two major application areas: optical, such as liquid lenses and reflective displays, and biomedical, such as DNA library preparation and molecular diagnostics. A number of research or start-up companies (e.g., Phillips Research, Varioptic, Liquavista, and Advanced Liquid Logic) led the early commercialization efforts and eventually attracted major companies from various industry sectors (e.g., Corning, Amazon, and Illumina). Although not all of the pioneering products became an instant success, the persistent growth of liquid lenses and the recent FDA approvals of biomedical analyzers proved that EWOD is a powerful tool that deserves a wider recognition and more aggressive exploration. This review presents the history around major EWOD products that hit the market to show their winding paths to commercialization and summarizes the current state of product development to peek into the future. In providing the readers with a big picture of commercializing EWOD and digital microfluidics technology, our goal is to inspire further research exploration and new entrepreneurial adventures.

Source: Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

Liquavista technology was acquired by Samsung and then later was sold to Amazon. Amazon has put it on shelves.

Source: Biological versus electronic adaptive coloration: how can one inform the other?

Electrowetting Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

ElectroFluidic Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Electrochromic Displays

• rdot / Ynvisible Interactive
• https://www.ynvisible.com/products

• mECD by RICOH
• Transprint method

Source: IllumiPaper: Illuminated Interactive Paper

In general, display technologies can be classified in pixel-addressable high-resolution displays (e.g. OLED, e-paper) and in segment displays, which highlight predefined shapes based on electrochromism (EC) [2], thermochromism (TE) [31] or electroluminescence (EL) [1, 46]. Although advanced display types, such as e-paper, have promising properties (e.g., preserving content without battery), we focus on lightweight, low-current-consuming, segment-based EL and EC displays, which are robust, inexpensive and easy to integrate with pen interaction.

RDOT Tech

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvSmbwIbFSA

Source: Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

Electrochromic Displays

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

This technology was formerly by Swedish company Rdot, which was co-founded by Karlsson, and bought by Ynvisible Interactive of Vancouver. The company has prototyping capabilities in Linköping, Sweden and in Almada, Portugal, roll-to-roll production in Sweden, and R&D in Freiburg, Germany.

Printed Electrochromics boldly goes where no display has gone before

Ron Mertens

This is a sponsored post by Ynvisible

Fig.1 Example use case for printed electrochromics: a shock detector smart label with an interactive printed interface.

Expanding Need for Simple Electronic Display Functionality

Rapid advances in the miniaturization and reduction of costs in computing, electronic sensing, and communications have allowed the integration of “smart” electronic functionality into almost everything. ”Intelligence” is now embedded into a wide range of everyday objects, and spread throughout our working and living environments. Much of this intelligence, data collection and transfer is hidden from the human senses, requiring little or no human involvement. But as the number of human daily touch points and interactions with smart devices grows, so too does the importance of user experience design and the role of displays.

Conventional electronic displays cannot be economically and sustainably applied into all smart objects and environments and can often times be functionality overkill for the simple display requirements of many everyday objects. Also, user experiences built around the need for extensive use of separate reading devices, e.g. RFID or Bluetooth readers in smart phones, can be increasingly challenging especially with the high number of distractions and strong competition for attention on mobile screens. Further with a doubling of screen time over the past four years among certain user demographics, there is also a growing sense of screen fatigue leading to people “detoxing” from light emitting screens while still valuing user interfaces that are useful yet unobtrusive.

“As technology becomes ubiquitous, it also becomes invisible.“
– Kevin Kelly, Wired magazine Founding Executive Editor

When technology becomes ubiquitous, it needs to seamlessly blend into the product and our surroundings. The user experience should be effortless. As the “computing” or intelligence blends into smart objects and environments, also the displays need to become more practical: i) eliminating the need for recharging or replacing of batteries, ii) eliminating the amount of effort to access information, and iii) be inexpensive for intended purpose.

Printed Electrochromics Brings Everyday Printable Objects and Surfaces to Life

Electrochromic devices (ECD) are electrochemical cells where color changes occur upon electrochemical reactions of two or more redox active electrochromic materials electrically connected by an external circuit and physically separated by an ionic conducting layer (electrolyte layer). Electrochromic materials and devices can be controlled to change their color and opacity by the application of electrical stimuli. ECDs are a non-light emitting reflective technology. Materials for ECD manufacture can be taken into the form of printable inks and the manufacturing processes made compatible with standard graphic printing and converting processes. The resulting device can be made thin, flexible, transparent, robust, and ultra low-power. As ECDs can be produced into a wide range of different shapes and sizes, they offer a wide range of advantages for product design and integration.

Fig.2 Electrochromic devices can be printed in sheet-to-sheet or roll-to-roll. 
Ynvisible Production R2R line in Linköping, Sweden.

R&D toward printed electrochromics began in the 1990s. In recent years, with strong advances in printed electronic and hybrid electronic systems, developments of ECDs have made strong technical progress into mass-manufacturability. Electrochromic displays and visual indicators are now entering markets that are considered “blue ocean” from the perspective of the electronic display industry. In these market spaces conventional printed products and surfaces now meet electronics. The over 800 billion USD per year printing industry, and particularly the industrial printing sub-sector, are welcoming printed electronic systems with high level of interest.

Things Alive

Today Ynvisible Interactive Inc. (“Ynvisible”) is leading the charge to bring printed electrochromics into market. Ynvisible was established with the vision to bring everyday objects and surfaces to life benefitting people in a smart and connected world. The company’s mission is to provide practical human interfaces to smart everyday objects and ambient intelligence.
After early explorations into different chromogenic systems the company focused on developing electrochromics into a mass producible, ultra-low power consuming visual interface technology. The company now develops and commercializes different printed electrochromic systems on film materials. By combining other printed electronic components and microelectronics into the electrochromic system, the company designs and produces interactive graphic solutions for everyday smart objects and surfaces.

Ynvisible aims to be the leading supplier of design tools, inks and quality control systems for the design and production of interactive printed graphics based on printed electrochromics and other printed electronics technologies. The company is building its technology and products platform under the ynvisible™ brand (ynvisible is a registered trademark in certain countries and territories).

Fig. 3 Electrochromic displays on a temperature label provide clear visual indication and are 
easy to implement – user friendly and available in high volumes.

Ynvisible’s primary focus is on applications in retail and logistics (where ECDs are printed onto RFID tags and RF-based smart labels), premium consumer brand products, and healthcare and wellness (in particular medical and diagnostic devices). Today the company offers a full services package to help product developers and designers get started with printed electrochromics. Ynvisible’s design, prototyping, customer training and sheet-to-sheet production services are based in Almada, Portugal. The company’s inks development and R&D services are based in Freiburg, Germany. In Linköping, Sweden the company operates a roll-to-roll production facility with extensive printing, converting, and quality control system capabilities. In addition to high volume ECD printing, the high capacity production line is utilized for printing of other printed electronic components and systems. Ynvisible sells printed electronics production upscaling services to other product owning companies.

Ynvisible Interactive Inc. is a publicly traded company, listed in the Toronto Stock Exchange Venture list [TSXV:YNV], the OTC Markets [OTCQB:YNVYF] and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange [FRA:1XNA]

Getting Started With Printed Electrochromics

To learn more about Printed Electrochromics, Ynvisible is hosting a free webinar on Apr 2, 2020 12:00-1:00 PM in Eastern Time (US and Canada). The one hour webinar includes speakers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, NXN-IP and the University of Lapland. To register see: https://www.ynvisible.com/events

Fig.4 Printed paper label with printed NFC antenna and printed electrochromic display on the same substrate.
A collaboration between Arjowiggins and Ynvisible.

Worldwide Industry for Electrochromic Materials to 2025 – Impact of COVID-19

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/01/11/2156399/0/en/Worldwide-Industry-for-Electrochromic-Materials-to-2025-Impact-of-COVID-19.html

Electrochromic Materials Market Landscape

Technology launches, acquisitions, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the electrochromic materials market. In 2019, the market of electrochromic materials has been consolidated by the top ten players accounting for 65.4% of the share. Major players in the electrochromic materials market are Gentex corporation, Saint Gobain, View, Inc., ChromoGenics, AGC, Inc., Changzhou Yapu New Materials Co. Ltd., Magna Glass and Window Company Inc., Econtrol-Glass Gmbh & Co. KG, Nikon Corporation, and Zhuhai Kaivo Optoelectronic Technology Co. Ltd. among others.

• Electrochromic Materials
  • Metal Oxides
  • Viologens
  • Conducting Polymers
  • Prussian Blue
  • Others

• Electrochromic Materials Market
  • Automotive Rear View Mirrors
  • Smart Glass Windows
  • Displays
  • Others

https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/electrochromic-glass-market

ElectroChromic Glass Markets

Region wise, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA. Europe was the highest revenue contributor in 2019. The presence of leading automotive manufacturers using electrochromic glass is expected to drive the growth of the market. Electrochromic glasses yield better energy savings and comfort and are increasingly used in panoramic roofing in cars. It is already being used in Mercedes-Benz SLK and SL roadsters. Similarly, in 2019, AGP Group, one of the world’s leading glazing manufacturers, opened its automotive glazing plant in Belgium for producing panoramic roofs with electrochromic glass. This trend indicates a growing market for electrochromic glasses in automotive applications.

Smartphone manufacturers are developing phones containing electrochromic glasses to increase their share in the global electrochromic glass market share. For instance, at CES 2020, Chinese phone maker, OnePlus announced Concept One phone that uses electrochromic glasses to hide its rear triple cameras, when not in use. This phone is not expected to be mass produced but it opens a new end-use for electrochromic glass in the smartphone market, which is largely dominated by countries such as China, India, and Japan. Further, China is one of the world’s largest smartphone makers.  

The major electrochromic glass manufacturers analyzed in this report include AGC Inc., ChromoGenics AB, Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A., Hitachi Chemical Co. Ltd., Kinestral Technologies Inc., Pleotint LLC, Polytronix Inc., Research Frontiers Inc., Smartglass International Ltd., and View Inc. To stay competitive, these market players are adopting different strategies such as product launch, partnership, merger, and acquisition. For instance, on December 2017, AGC, Kinestral Technologies Inc. and G-Tech Optoelectronics Corp. announced a joint venture that will sell, distribute, and service Halio smart glasses to the global market. The new ventures are Halio North America, Halio International, and Halio China. The joint venture helped AGC to increase its market revenue. 

Multilayered ECD by Ricoh using CMY Colors

Source: Multi-Layered Electrochromic Display

Reflective Displays based on Conventional LCD

• Reflective LCD
• Japan Display Inc – MIP Reflective LCD
• Samsung – SR (Super Reflectance) LCD Technology

Types of Reflective LCDs

• Direct View
• Projection

Japan Display Inc.

Japan Display Inc (JDI) is an LCD technology joint venture by Sony, Toshiba, and Hitachi since 2012.

Memory-in-pixel (MIP) Reflective Color LCD

Japan Display Inc. (JDI), a leading global supplier of small- and medium-sized displays, has announced the start of sales of a standard line-up of memory-in-pixel (MIP) reflective-type color LCD modules for wristwatch-type wearable devices which realize ultra-low power consumption. Power consumption of these reflective-type LCD modules is less than 0.5%*¹ that of transparent-type LCD modules.

Source: Japan Display Inc.

Source: JAPAN DISPLAY SHOWS LOW-POWER REFLECTIVE LCD THAT DOES COLOR, VIDEO

Emerging Display Technologies

• MIP Reflective Color LCD for Ultra Low Power Consumption
• Organic Electro-Luminescent (EL) display for High Contrast and Thin Structure
• Transparent Display
• Light field display (LFD) for 3D Definition (Holographic)
• Micro LED display
• Hybrid OLED and Reflective LCD

Transflective LCD Displays

Transflective LCDs combine elements of both transmissive and reflective characteristics. Ambient light passes through the LCD and hits the semi-reflective layer. Most of the light is then reflected back through the LCD. However some of the light will not be reflected and will be lost. Alternately a backlight can be used to provide the light needed to illuminate the LCD if ambient light is low. Light from the backlight passes through a semi-reflective layer and illuminates the LCD. However as with ambient lighting some of the light does not penetrate the semi-reflective layer and is lost.

Depends both on Transmission and Reflection.

Types of Transflective LCDs

Source: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices

Based on the light modulation mechanisms, transflective LCDs can be classified into four categories:

• absorption type
• scattering type
• reflection type
• phase retardation type

https://pid.samsungdisplay.com/en/learning-center/blog/reflective-display-technology

https://pid.samsungdisplay.com/en/learning-center/blog/reflective-display-technology

Color-reflective LCD based on cholesteric liquid crystals

• Kent Displays Inc.
• Cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC)
• Kent State University/Deng-Ke Yang

Cholesteric liquid crystals (hereafter Ch LCs) are self-assembled systems consisting of elongated chiral organic molecules. They possess a helical structure where the local average direction of the molecules twists spatially around an orthogonal helical axis. Their refractive index varies periodically, and thus exhibits a Bragg reflection band centered at the wavelength λ = [(n_e + n_o)/2]P and with the bandwidth Δλ = (n_e – n_o)P, where n_e and n_o are the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices of the LC, respectively, and P is the helical pitch. They can be used to make reflective displays which do not need polarizers and have high reflectance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irf3JRYMns0

Dr. J. William Doane is a world renowned expert in the field of liquid crystal materials and devices. Together with William Manning he co-founded Kent Displays, Inc. in 1993 and the company is now famous for its Cholesteric LCD based Boogie Board writing tablets that use Dr Doane’s inventions. Dr. Doane, was the director of the world-renowned Liquid Crystal Institute at Kent State University from 1983-1996 and led the effort during that time to establish the National Science Foundation Center for Advanced Liquid Crystalline Optical Materials (ALCOM). As an active member of the international science community, he has held visiting appointments and maintained cooperative research programs in several countries. Dr. Doane was instrumental in formalizing the International Liquid Crystal Society and served as the organization’s first treasurer from 1990-1996. Dr. Doane was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1982 and retired from the Kent State University in 1996 after a 31-year teaching and administrative career. Dr. Doane received the first ever presentation of the Slottow-Owaki Prize for Display Education, by SID.

Source: Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays

Cholesteric LCD Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Reflective Displays Using Structural Colors

• Interferometric Modulator Display (IMOD)
• Photonic crystal displays (P-Ink)
• Plasmonic Structural Colors Displays

Source: : E SKIN Displays

A wide range of reflective displays have recently been developed, and Fig. XX compares several of the most prominent. Much like color generation in animals, reflective displays can be separated into the same two main categories; pigmentation and structural color. Under the tent of pigmentation are products such as e-ink based “E-readers”, and color filter based liquid crystal displays. E-readers use the translocation of 3 charged pigmented beads, and as such, require seconds to switch between images. Due to the macroscopic size of each pixel, resolution and color reproduction are also limited. Reflective liquid crystal displays are much quicker, taking only milliseconds to switch states, but are limited in brightness as polarizers immediately halve the amplitude of the reflected light. Many structural color based displays are currently in development and have only recently entered the market. One such device is an interferometric modulator produced by Qualcomm where within each pixel, a cavity is formed between a Bragg stack and a MEMs mirror. By controlling the cavity spacing, the reflected light experiences either constructive or destructive interference resulting in a bright color or dark state. While producing the signature bright vivid colors of Bragg reflection, the device is inherently angle sensitive and limited to rigid substrates. Another emerging structural color based device uses a photonic crystal made from silica spheres submerged within an electro-active polymer, and is branded Photonic Ink (P-ink). The polymer stretches as a field is applied, increasing the period of the photonic crystal and therefore the wavelength of reflected light. Though the colors are vivid and tunable, the response time of the polymer is tens of seconds, making video impossible. Cholesteric and blue phase LC displays behave in a similar manner. Helixes of LC form periodic nanostructures which produce Bragg reflections at desired wavelengths. The LC structures can be switched through an external field thereby producing dark and light states. While producing vivid color, these devices are limited in brightness as the helical structures only reflect circular light of the same handedness of the LC. By assessing current technologies we determine there is much to understand and develop in order to truly mimic color generation in nature. A fast response, angle independent LC-metasurface based display which can actively shift the color of its pixels from RGB to black holds the promise for development of truly thin-film flexible displays.

Interferometric Modulator Display (IMOD)

(Structural Interference Colors)

• Qualcomm Mirasol
• MEMS Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems

MEMS Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Source: Biological versus electronic adaptive coloration: how can one inform the other?

Photonic crystal displays (P-Ink)

(Structural Colors)

• Opalux
• Nanobrick

Photonic Crystals Display

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Source: Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Photonic crystals refer to a class of structures that consist of periodic nanostructures with a spacing that interacts with the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Based on the spacing of the nanostructures, certain energy bands are allowed or forbidden for propagation, which can lead to the selective transmission or reflection of light. Dynamically changing the spacing of the nanostructures can change these propagation properties, leading to the modulation necessary to build a display. The term photonic crystal in displays is usually associated with three-dimensional periodic lattices, and the previously described MEMS interferometry (Sec. 1) is a special one-dimensional case of a photonic crystal.

Currently, there are two different photonic-crystal- based modulation approaches in development. Opalux is fabricating electrically color-tunable photonic crystals by embedding the lattices of 200-nm-diameter silica beads within an expandable electroactive polymer, which they call Photonic Ink or P-Ink.142 Opalux has demonstrated bistable P-Ink with a reflectance >50% and switching speed ~0.1 sec.143 The company has not described the viewing-angle dependence of their technology; photonic-crystal structures that possess highly regular crystal structures can show sharp dependences on illumination and viewing angles.

The company Nanobrick is developing systems that control the inter-particle distance of SiOx-encapsulated metal nanoparticles (20–30 wt.%) in electrophoretic colloidal suspension.144 These photonic crystal structures respond to signals of a few volts, shifting the reflected color through a continuous range as the average spacing changes. This enables full-spectrum tunability using a single electro-optic layer without requiring individual primary-color subpixels to generate color. It appears that the electrophoresis tends to randomize the structure somewhat, leading to reasonably wide viewing angles. Nanobrick has demonstrated a Color Tunable Photonic Crystal Display (CPD) with angle-independent optical responses (0–40°) using quasi-amorphous photonic pixels with response time <50 msec.145

While single-layer color tuning is a unique capability of the photonic-crystal approaches, the technology focus thus far has been limited to unit pixel or simple segments and still needs refinement in terms of the white state, reflectance vs. illumination condition, and demonstration with matrix addressing. Even though, in theory, colors such as red can be displayed at all pixels, white is still challenged because white will likely require additive display of side-by-side RGB pixels [similar to Fig. 2(b)]. Additionally, since pixels currently do not possess inherent gray scale, that means gray scale at the display level will require halftoning approaches.

Source: Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

Source: Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

Source: P-Ink and Elast-Ink from lab to market

Plasmonic Structural Colors Displays

Source: Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials

Structural colors, well known from coloration in nature (7), can overcome these limitations. Different from dyes and pigments, structural colors are generated by the interaction of light with micro- and nanostructures. Vibrant colors can be produced with the same materials (e.g., metals or dielectrics) by changing the geometries, dimensions, or arrangements of the structures through the fabrication process or even after fabrication (8). Compared to pigment or dye-based coloration, colors created in this case are much brighter due to their inherently high scattering/absorption efficiencies. As a result, thin layers, or more precisely tiny volumes, are sufficient for brilliant coloration. The benefit of these small coloration volumes is obvious. Ultrahigh-resolution images composed of subwavelength pixels with sizes down to the smallest coloring unit, e.g., a single micro- or nanostructure, can be printed (9). In addition, structural colors do not fade over time but provide a basically everlasting coloration due to the stability of the coloring structures. These appealing advantages have attracted great interest and stimulated intensive research on various structural coloration schemes based on metal nanostructures, dielectric metasurfaces, photonic crystals, and Fabry-Perot (FP) resonances (6, 10–17).

Source: Plasmonic Color Makes a Comeback

Plasmonic color is a subset of structural color, which is color resulting when the micro- or nanostructure of a material causes light scattering and interference. One form of structural color is the iridescent blue of the Morpho butterfly’s wings, whose scales have branched nanostructures that scatter light in complex ways. In plasmonic color, the color arises from light absorption and scattering off of the nanoparticles themselves. As with other forms of structural color, size, shape, and patterning create the color rather than chemical composition.

Source: Plasmonic Color Makes a Comeback

The Naval Research Laboratory’s Fontana has a different approach to making dynamic plasmonic displays: using self- assembled colloidal gold nanorods suspended in toluene. By placing an electric field across the suspension, the nanorods align in the direction of the applied field, producing intense plasmonic color, Fontana explains. The system is fast; it can switch at least 1,000 times as quickly as a conventional liquid-crystal pixel, potentially cutting down on motion blur, which is a problem with LCD displays.

Source: Plasmonic Color Makes a Comeback

In current commercial displays, each pixel is actually made of a red, green, and blue subpixel. Different amounts of light from each subpixel mix to create the perception of any color desired. One ambition for those developing plasmonic color systems is to flip one pixel between red, green, and blue rather than needing three separate subpixels that would require less space, allowing for much smaller pixels and higher definition screens. A system that can do just that has been created in the lab of Jeremy Baumberg at the University of Cambridge. It uses gold nanoparticles coated in the conducting polymer polyaniline and sprayed onto a flexible mirrored surface. The mirrored surface amplifies the plasmonic resonance, resulting in a more intense, uniform color with no viewing-angle dependence.

The color of each pixel is tuned by the reversible oxidation and reduction of the polymer, which changes the polymer’s refractive index and shifts the system’s plasmonic resonance. Each nanoparticle can theoretically be tuned independently, providing a potential spatial resolution of less than 100 nm. So far, the researchers have created pixels that switch only between red and green, but they are working on blue. Silver or aluminum particles could potentially show blue color, but “there is always a trade- off, as silver and aluminum materials are chemically [more] unstable [than gold],” says Hyeon-Ho Jeong, who formerly worked as a postdoc with Baumberg at Cambridge and is now at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology.

Key Terms

• Plasmonic Metasurfaces
• Plasmonic Nanostructures
• Conjugated Polymers
• Plasmons
• Metallic Nanostructures
• Functional Materials
• Plasmonic Resonances
• Liquid Crystals plus plasmonic nanostructure
• Metal surface plasmonics
• Nanowire waveguides
• Meta-materials
• Quantum dots (QDs)
• Nano Hole Array NHA
• Dielectric Metasurfaces
• Tunable Color Filters
• Metal-Insulator-Metal Resonators (MIM)
• Sub Wavelength Grating SWG
• Subwavelength metal–insulator–metal stack arrays
• Nanowire Color Filter
• Metasurface Color Filter
• Quantum Dot Color Filter
• Plasmonic hole array color filters

• Debashis Chanda, a nanophotonics scientist at the University of Central Florida
• E-skin Displays, in 2017

Source: Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color

Transmissive Displays

Emmisive Displays

• LED
• True QLED
• OLED
• AM-OLED
• Mini-LED
• Micro LED

All QLED panels are made by Samsung. QLED really is LCD panel It requires back lighting.

All OLED panels are made by LG Displays.

Please see my post on LCD and LED displays.

Transmitive Displays

• LCD
• AM LCD
• PMLCD

Please see my post on LCD and LED displays.

Transmissive liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been widely used in laptop computers, desktop monitors, and high-definition televisions (HDTVs).

TFT- AMLCD

Source: Review of Display Technologies Focusing on Power Consumption

In AMLCD, a switch is placed at each pixel which decouples the pixel-selection function. Thin Film Transistor (TFT), the main technology of the AMLCD subgroup, can also be divided regarding the material used for its elaboration, into amorphous silicon (a-Si), continuous grain silicon (CGS) and low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS TFT). A new approach is the indium-gallium-zinc- oxide (IGZO) technology developed by Sharp.

Another issue to take into account is the liquid crystal alignment mode, where Twisted Nematic (TN) and Super-Twisted Nematic (STN) types are the simplest and least expensive, but offering a poor viewing angle (of approx. 45 degrees). Vertical Alignment (VA) technology generally appears under various trade names (ASV by Sharp, PVA by Samsung, etc.) and tries to improve the viewing angle of the device (for instance, Ampire VA device offers 160 degrees versus the 45 of the TN device by AUO). In-plane switching (IPS TFT), as the Hitachi module from the table shows, also has a better viewing angle than TN and the color and contrast is also improved.

My related posts

On Light, Vision, Appearance, Color and Imaging

Digital Color and Imaging

Color and Imaging in Digital Video and Cinema

Shapes and Patterns in Nature

Growth and Form in Nature: Power Laws and Fractals

On Luminescence: Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Bioluminescence

Color Change: In Biology and Smart Pigments Technology

Optics of Metallic and Pearlescent Colors

Nature’s Fantastical Palette: Color From Structure

Color Science of Gem Stones

Color Science and Technology in LCD and LED Displays

Key Sources of Research

CLEARink

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aEYT79-vuo

Waveshare

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoYZxaUZues

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=by3rW57XWgM

A Review of Electronic Paper Display Technologies from the Standpoint of SID Symposium Digests

Tatsumi Takahashi

https://home.jeita.or.jp/device/lirec/symposium/fpd_2010/doc/3a_takahashi.pdf

TCL NXTPAPER wants to compete against E INK

September 3, 2020 By Michael Kozlowski 

https://goodereader.com/blog/e-paper/tcl-nxtpaper-wants-to-compete-against-e-ink

Review of Paper-Like Display Technologies

Peng Fei Bai1, Robert A. Hayes1, Ming Liang Jin1, Ling Ling Shui1, Zi Chuan Yi1, L. Wang1, Xiao Zhang1, and Guo Fu Zhou1, 2

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 147, 95–116, 2014

http://www.jpier.org/PIER/pier147/07.13120405.pdf

Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

• Do Yoon Kim, 
• Mi-Ji Kim, 
• Gimin Sung & 
• Jeong-Yun Sun 

Nano Convergence volume 6, Article number: 21 (2019)

https://nanoconvergencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40580-019-0190-5

Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper

Jason Heikenfeld (SID Senior Member) Paul Drzaic (SID Fellow)
Jong-Souk Yeo (SID Member)
Tim Koch (SID Member)

Journal of the SID 19/2, 2011

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/710d/b8b0071853984f6ba17cb0c89053524031f3.pdf

Electrowetting-Based Displays: Bringing Microfluidics Alive On-Screen

B. J. Feenstra1, R. A. Hayes, R. van Dijk, R. G. H. Boom, M. M. H. Wagemans, I. G. J. Camps, A. Gi- raldo and B. v.d. Heijden
Philips Research Laboratories, Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Hayes11/publication/4240132_Electrowetting-Based_Displays_Bringing_Microfluidics_Alive_On-Screen/links/55475a560cf234bdb21dd8f1.pdf

Biological versus electronic adaptive coloration: how can one inform the other?

Eric Kreit1, Lydia M. Ma ̈thger2, Roger T. Hanlon2, Patrick B. Dennis3, Rajesh R. Naik3, Eric Forsythe4 and Jason Heikenfeld1

J R Soc Interface 10: 20120601.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2012.0601

Transmissive/Reflective Structural Color Filters: Theory and Applications

---

Yan Yu,^1,2 Long Wen,² Shichao Song,² and Qin Chen

Volume 2014 |Article ID 212637 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/212637

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2014/212637/

Interferometric modulator display

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display

Qualcomm resurrects Mirasol reflective displays with new 576 ppi smartphone panel

https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/22/4354642/high-res-mirasol-display-for-smartphones-demonstrated

Iridescence-controlled and flexibly tunable retroreflective structural color film for smart displays

• Wen Fan
• Jing Zeng
• Qiaoqiang Gan
• Dengxin Ji
• Haomin Song
• Wenzhe Liu
• Lei Shi
• Limin Wu

Science Advances  09 Aug 2019:
Vol. 5, no. 8, eaaw8755
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8755

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/5/8/eaaw8755.full.pdf

Artificial Structural Color Pixels: A Review 

by Yuqian Zhao ¹, Yong Zhao ^1,*, Sheng Hu ¹, Jiangtao Lv ¹, Yu Ying ², Gediminas Gervinskas ³ and Guangyuan Si 

Materials 2017, 10(8), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10080944

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/8/944/htm

Dynamically Tunable Plasmonic Structural Color

Daniel Franklin
University of Central Florida 2018

PHD Thesis

https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6880u0026amp;context=etd

Colors with plasmonic nanostructures: A full-spectrum review 

Applied Physics Reviews 6, 041308 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110051

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5110051?journalCode=are

Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials

Frank Neubrech1,2, Xiaoyang Duan1,2, Na Liu3,4*

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/6/36/eabc2709.full.pdf

Bright and Vivid Diffractive–Plasmonic Reflective Filters for Color Generation

• Emerson G. Melo, 
• Ana L. A. Ribeiro, 
• Rodrigo S. Benevides, 
• Antonio A. G. V. Zuben, 
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos, 
• Alexandre A. Silva, 
• Gustavo S. Wiederhecker, and 
• Thiago P. M. Alegre*

ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 2, 1111–1117Publication Date:December 31, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02508

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsanm.9b02508

Active control of plasmonic colors: emerging display technologies

Kunli Xiong, Daniel Tordera, Magnus Jonsson and Andreas B. Dahlin

Rep Prog Phys. 2019 Feb;82(2):024501.

doi: 10.1088/1361-6633/aaf844.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30640724/

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1323808/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Self-assembled plasmonics for angle-independent structural color displays with actively addressed black states

Daniel Franklina,b, Ziqian Hec, Pamela Mastranzo Ortegab, Alireza Safaeia,b, Pablo Cencillo-Abadb, Shin-Tson Wuc, and Debashis Chandaa,b,c,1

https://www.pnas.org/content/117/24/13350

Bio-inspired intelligent structural color materials

Luoran Shang, Weixia Zhang, Ke Xuc and Yuanjin Zhao

Mater. Horiz., 2019,6, 945-958 

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/mh/c9mh00101h#!divAbstract

Advanced Plasmonic Materials for Dynamic Color Display

• November 2017
• Advanced Materials 30(16):1704338

DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704338

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320997060_Advanced_Plasmonic_Materials_for_Dynamic_Color_Display

Polarization-independent actively tunable colour generation on imprinted plasmonic surfaces

• Daniel Franklin, 
• Yuan Chen, 
• Abraham Vazquez-Guardado, 
• Sushrut Modak, 
• Javaneh Boroumand, 
• Daming Xu, 
• Shin-Tson Wu & 
• Debashis Chanda 

Nature Communications volume 6, Article number: 7337 (2015)

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8337

Tunable plasmonic color filter 

Rosanna Mastria, Karl Jonas Riisnaes, Monica Craciun, and Saverio Russo

Frontiers in Optics / Laser Science OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2020),paper JTh4B.7•

https://doi.org/10.1364/FIO.2020.JTh4B.7

https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=FiO-2020-JTh4B.7

Reflective Display Technology

Samsung 2017

https://pid.samsungdisplay.com/en/learning-center/blog/reflective-display-technology

Modeling of Oil/Water Interfacial Dynamics in Three-Dimensional Bistable Electrowetting Display Pixels

Guisong Yang, Lei Zhuang, Pengfei Bai,* Biao Tang, Alex Henzen, and Guofu Zhou

CS Omega 2020, 5, 10, 5326–5333Publication Date:March 3, 2020https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04352

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.9b04352

The E-Paper Revolution Has Begun

Mon, September 09, 2019

https://www.radiantvisionsystems.com/blog/e-paper-revolution-has-begun

Global E-Paper Display Market Growth Prospects, Key Vendors, Future Scenario Forecast To 2027 | CLEARink Displays, Inc., E Ink Holdings Inc

07-07-2020

https://www.openpr.com/news/2086154/global-e-paper-display-market-growth-prospects-key-vendors

e-Paper Display Markets 2016-2024: e-Readers, Signage/Poster Devices, Mobile Phones, & Others – Global Analysis, Trends, and Forecasts Report 2019

2019

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/05/31/1860959/0/en/e-Paper-Display-Markets-2016-2024-e-Readers-Signage-Poster-Devices-Mobile-Phones-Others-Global-Analysis-Trends-and-Forecasts-Report-2019.html

Worldwide E-Paper Display Market Share, Growth, Statistics, by Application, Production, Revenue & Forecast up to 2027

https://www.mccourier.com/worldwide-e-paper-display-market-share-growth-statistics-by-application-production-revenue-forecast-up-to-2027/

Clearink Displays

https://www.clearinkdisplays.com/about-us

What Happened to Liquavista Electrowetting Display?

https://lookgadgets.com/liquavista/

Etulipa brings its electrowetting display off-the-grid

23 October 2019
BART BROUWERS

https://innovationorigins.com/etulipa-brings-its-electrowetting-display-off-the-grid/

How Electronic Ink Was Invented

https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/how-electronic-ink-was-invented/

OLED vs. LED: Which kind of TV display is better?

By Michael Bizzaco , Simon Cohen and Tyler LacomaJanuary 21, 2021

https://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/oled-vs-led/

E-INK AND E-PAPER: A HISTORY, ROOM SIGNS AND MORE

https://www.visix.com/resources/blog/e-ink-and-e-paper-a-history-room-signs-and-more/

11 Myths About E-paper Displays

https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded-revolution/article/21805149/11-myths-about-epaper-displays

Good E Reader.com

https://goodereader.com/blog/

DKE E PAPER Manufacturer

https://china-epaper.com/?v=8134e65cb60c&gclid=Cj0KCQiA6t6ABhDMARIsAONIYyxZGMOu4_NQzLSJ-eib-lfaMJjXbrC97w3bd_cvntLvTd7so_nxt_0aAui9EALw_wcB

E Ink.com

https://www.eink.com/?utm_campaign=829%20Promo&utm_source=829%20Studios&utm_medium=Google%20AdWords&utm_content=E%20Ink%20Home%20Page&utm_term=e%20ink&utm_campaign=829-Brand&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=6341345103&hsa_cam=12005352663&hsa_grp=115565960546&hsa_ad=494885963506&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-109163699&hsa_kw=e%20ink&hsa_mt=p&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gclid=Cj0KCQiA6t6ABhDMARIsAONIYyzmo8RxO3O_qvv0dVjWU7ICdEqr8htufXYwY9KXr3j-P7OMu8zch-saAiDMEALw_wcB

Pervasive Displays

https://www.pervasivedisplays.com

World’s Largest ePaper E Ink Sign Unveiled at UN Headquarters

https://www.mpicosys.com/news/worlds-largest-epaper-e-ink-sign-unveiled-un-headquarters/

ONYX BOOX

https://www.boox.com

Plastic Logic

E Paper Displays Explained

https://www.plasticlogic.com/e-paper-displays-explained/

E Ink, Innolux deliver 28-inch ePaper

https://www.digitalsignagetoday.com/news/e-ink-innolux-deliver-28-inch-epaper/

E Ink and Plastic Logic Partner to Provide the World’s First Flexible Advanced Color ePaper (ACeP™)-Based Display

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201203005052/en/E-Ink-and-Plastic-Logic-Partner-to-Provide-the-World’s-First-Flexible-Advanced-Color-ePaper-ACeP™–Based-Display

Ossia, E-PEAS, and E Ink Debut E-Paper Electronic Shelf Label Powered by Wireless Energy Harvesting

July 28, 2019 by Scott McMahan

https://eepower.com/news/ossia-e-peas-and-e-ink-debut-e-paper-electronic-shelf-label-powered-by-wireless-energy-harvesting/#

PicoSign

https://www.picosign.com

Visionect and E Ink Launch Prototyping System for Developing Large-Format ePaper Signs

https://www.ravepubs.com/visionect-e-ink-launch-prototyping-system-developing-large-format-epaper-signs/

the-ebook-reader.com

https://www.the-ebook-reader.com/e-ink.html

Electronic Ink

http://www2.units.it/ramponi/teaching/DIP/materiale/z04_disp_e-ink.pdf

E -Ink

https://www.eink.com/

Invited Paper: TFT Technologies for Flexible Displays

Jin Jang Min Hee Choi Jun Hyuk Cheon

First published: 05 July 2012 

https://doi.org/10.1889/1.3499860

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1889/1.3499860

A Review In Preparation of Electronic Ink for Electrophoretic Displays

S.KholghiEshkalak*, M.Khatibzadeh

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NANOMATERIALS:APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES

Vol.3 No2,02 NAESF06 (5pp)(2014)

https://core.ac.uk/reader/141442140

Flexible Electronics Development in Taiwan

Dr. Janglin (John) Chen
Vice President & General Director Display Technology Center

ITRI

2010

https://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/pgasite/documents/webpage/pga_058953.pdf

TFT Technology for Flexible Display Applications

Chang-Dong Kim, In Byeong Kang, and In-Jae Chung

LCD R&D Center, LG.Philips LCD, 533, Hogae-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-shi, Kyoungki-do, 431-080, KOREA

https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/CFKO200724282630985.pdf

Progress and Challenges in Commercialization of Organic Electronics

Yueh-Lin Loo and Iain McCulloch, Guest Editors

MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 33 • JULY 2008

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/da00/72def1acd5742ce3c9781148a2013a552f1e.pdf

Evaluating Display Reflections in Reflective Displays and Beyond

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/msid.1099

Active Matrix Electrophoretic E-Book Display

Guofu Zhou1 and Mark Johnson
Philips Research, High Tech Campus, Building 34, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands

Karl Amundson and Robert W Zehner
E Ink Corporation, 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

Alex Henzen and Jan van de Kamer
IRex Technologies BV, High Tech Campus, Building 46, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands

https://www.imaging.org/site/PDFS/Papers/2006/ICIS-0-736/33771.pdf

Inkjet-printed polymer-based electrochromic and electrofluorochromic dual-mode displays†

Manuel Pietsch, Tobias Rödlmeier, Stefan Schlisske

Johannes Zimmermann, Carlos Romero-Nieto and Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 7121

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/tc/c9tc01344j

Invited Paper: International Standards Development of Electronic Paper Displays

Tatsumi Takahashi

First published: 29 May 2019

SID Volume50, Issue1
June 2019
Pages 398-401

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sdtp.12941

Dyed Polymeric Microparticles for Colour Rendering in Electrophoretic Displays

Mark Goulding, Louise Farrand, Ashley Smith, Nils Greinert, Henry Wilson, Claire Topping, Roger Kemp, Emily Markham, Mark James, Johannes Canisius, Dan Walker
Merck Chemicals Ltd., Advanced Technologies, Chilworth Technical Centre, University Parkway, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 7QD, UK

Richard Vidal, Sihame Khoukh

Merck Chimie, Center Production ESTAPOR, Zone Industrielle, Rue du Moulin de la Canne, 45 300 Pithiviers, France.

Seung-Eun Lee, Hee-Kyu Lee

Merck Advanced Technologies, Poseung Technical Center, 1173-2 Wonjyung-ri, Poseung-myun, Pyungtaek-si, Kyungki-do, Korea

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Goulding/publication/264486587_401_Invited_Paper_Dyed_Polymeric_Microparticles_for_Colour_Rendering_in_Electrophoretic_Displays/links/568c1be608ae153299b63fd8.pdf

E-paper Display (EPD) Market Size 2020-2024 Industry News Analysis, Upstream Raw Material Suppliers, Major Players and Product Types

2020

https://www.wfmj.com/story/42526423/e-paper-display-epd-market-size-2020-2024-industry-news-analysis-upstream-raw-material-suppliers-major-players-and-product-types

E Ink Holdings, electronic ink technology, and Fujitsu Semiconductor have developed a reference design board for battery-less ePaper tags using E Ink’s ePaper and Fujitsu’s UHF (Ultra High Frequency) band.

https://www.bakeryandsnacks.com/Article/2018/11/08/E-Ink-and-Fujitsu-ePaper-tag-will-be-a-game-changer-in-logistics?utm_source=copyright&utm_medium=OnSite&utm_campaign=copyright

Printing Technologies for Organic TFT Array for Electronic Paper

Ryohei Matsubara, Yukari Harada, Kaoru Hatta,

Takumi Yamamoto, Manabu Takei, Mamoru Ishizaki,

Mitsuyoshi Matsumura, Kenich Ota, and Manabu Ito

Display Research Laboratory, Technical Research Institute, Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49166921/j.2168-0159.2012.tb05805.x20160927-27286-gk6w81.pdf?1475019294=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3D32_1_Invited_Paper_Printing_Technologies.pdf&Expires=1612237736&Signature=DR86bv0ZizZiTKJzXcsLTi-R-Zsxt8HqklDVrq0WEpec0sFWnamGv3Dyn42DdPOxhMR1KWkFQkdONJjNpO9qw4mgEp8Jebo3ilogrGniGFDomhsXoeaAPdM4nUqsIkfda0qO~eQbgosV7zv4LBbJAuLhvWMNbqpOd95NyCyCo~vPJZ88jfxiy0Slj6QoDaoT3jLTIU7HEvwcwRyhNUf5dHDcIw2m1JDL685qkKBf5DrjKYfOuGkW6Sr~qib094M5CErXDi2hiaWa3HC4~-53kHlTYiOQXX9g64nWNvFYGJDN5~L6ed3483FXb2UQcJApxQEd2pSC7abi13dGbbcpAA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

CYM and RGB colored electronic inks based on silica-coated organic pigments for full-color electrophoretic displays 

Peipei Yin,^aGang Wu,*^aWenlong Qin,^aXiaoqiang Chen,^aMang Wang^a  and  Hongzheng Chen*^a

https://pubs.rsc.org/no/content/articlelanding/2013/tc/c2tc00344a/unauth#!divAbstract

Hisense A7CC 5G smartphone integrates a 6.7-inch color E-Ink display

https://www.cnx-software.com/2021/01/29/hisense-a7cc-5g-smartphone-integrates-a-6-7-inch-color-e-ink-display/

Bistable electrowetting displays

Karlheinz Blankenbach

Juergen Rawert

January 2011
DOI: 10.1117/2.1201012.003407

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315169299_Bistable_electrowetting_displays

Current commercialization status of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidics

Jia Li and Chang-Jin “CJ” Kim

Lab Chip, 2020,20, 1705-1712 

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/lc/d0lc00144a/unauth#!divAbstract

The complete history of E INK Color E-Paper

November 22, 2020 

https://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/the-complete-history-of-e-ink-color-e-paper

A Short History of E-Paper and the eReader Revolution

August 11, 2017 By Michael Kozlowski

https://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/a-short-history-of-e-ink-and-the-ereader-revolution

A Short History of E-Ink: How E Ink managed to become the last man standing and dominated the e-reader revolution!

by Michael Kozlowski

book

2018

Electrochromic Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Reflective Displays 

By Kunli Xiong

2017

https://core.ac.uk/display/128708224

Switching Colors with Electricity

BY  ROGER J. MORTIMER

https://www.americanscientist.org/article/switching-colors-with-electricity

MicroLED vs OLED: the battle of the high-end display tech

Can the next-gen TV tech microLED beat out OLED?

https://www.techradar.com/news/microled-vs-oled-the-battle-of-the-high-end-display-tech

OLED vs QLED: the premium TV panel technologies compared

https://www.techradar.com/news/oled-vs-qled

LG’s new ‘QNED’ TVs will have up to nearly 30,000 tiny LEDs behind the screen

The Verge

https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/28/22203910/lg-qned-mini-led-4k-8k-lcd-tv-announced-ces-2021

Performance of reflective color displays in Out Of Home applications

ETulipa

https://etulipa.com/performance-of-reflective-color-displays/

Plasmonic Color Makes a Comeback

ACS Cent. Sci. 2020, 6, 332−335

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00259

Structural Colors for Display and E-paper Applications

L. Jay Guo

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/107993/sdtp00205.pdf;jsessionid=4ECB722ACF8896CFECA475935B750BD0?sequence=1

Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies

• Do Yoon Kim, 
• Mi-Ji Kim, 
• Gimin Sung & 
• Jeong-Yun Sun 

Nano Convergence volume 6, Article number: 21 (2019)

https://nanoconvergencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40580-019-0190-5

Transmissive/Reflective structural color filters: theory and applications

• Yan Yu, 
• Long Wen, 
• Shichao Song, 
• Qin Chen

Journal of Nanomaterials January 2014 Article No.: 6 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/212637

https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1155/2014/212637

https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1155/2014/212637

Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color

Kunli Xiong, Gustav Emilsson, Ali Maziz, Xinxin Yang, Lei Shao, Edwin W. H. Jager and Andreas B. Dahlin.

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1077011/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Reflective–emissive photoluminescent cholesteric liquid crystal display

Jang-Kyum Kim, Suk-Hwan Joo, and Jang-Kun Song

Applied OpticsVol. 52,Issue 34,pp. 8280-8286(2013)

https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/ViewMedia.cfm?uri=ao-52-34-8280&seq=0&guid=1d83c864-f18b-4711-a500-06c37fa1cf65&html=true

Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications

edited by Achintya K. Bhowmik, Zili Li, Philip J. Bos

Book

Reflective cholesteric liquid crystal displays

D.-K. Yang Kent State Univ

in Mobile Displays,

Reflective and Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

• September 2014

DOI: 10.1002/9781118751992.ch9

• In book: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices, Second Edition (pp.285-319)

Deng‐Ke Yang
Shin-Tson Wu

Full-color reflective display based on narrow bandwidth templated cholesteric liquid crystal film

• December 2016
• Optical Materials Express 7(1):16

DOI: 10.1364/OME.7.000016

• Project: Reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display device with high reflectivity

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311358302_Full-color_reflective_display_based_on_narrow_bandwidth_templated_cholesteric_liquid_crystal_film

Electrophoretic liquid crystal displays: How far are we?

Susanne Klein

HP Laboratories HPL-2013-23

https://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2013/HPL-2013-23.pdf

How Liquid Crystal Displays Work in an eWriter

By Monica Kanojia May 04, 2012

https://www.livescience.com/20104-boogie-board-ewriter-nsf-bts.html

Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials

1. Frank Neubrech
2. Xiaoyang Duan
3. Na Liu

Science Advances  04 Sep 2020:
Vol. 6, no. 36, eabc2709
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2709

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/36/eabc2709

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Shin-Tson Wu, Hughes Research Laboratories
Deng-ke Yang, Kent State University

The evolution of portable communications applications has been facilitated largely by the development of reflective LCD technology. Offering a unique insight into state-of-the art display technologies, Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays covers the basic operations principles, exemplary device structures and fundamental material properties of device components.

Featuring:

• Direct-view, projection and micro (virtual projection) reflective displays in the context of multi-media projectors, mobile internet and personal entertainment displays.
• Optimization of critical display attributes: fast response time, low voltage operation and wide angle viewing.
• Description of the basic properties of liquid crystal materials and their incorporation into configurations for transmissive and reflective applications.
• Examination of the various operations modes enabling the reader to select the appropriate display type to meet a variety of needs.
• Overview and comparison of the complete range of reflective display technologies, and reflective LCD effects.

Product Demographics
Author:    Shin-Tson Wu, Deng-Ke Yang
Publisher:    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Date of Publication:    04/01/2001
ISBN Number:    0-471-49611-1
Format:    Hardback
Pages:    352

Reflective liquid crystal display with fast response time and wide viewing angle

Xiao-Qing GuaFan ChuaLi-Lan TianaRui LiaWen-Yi HouaXiang-Yu Zhoua Qiong-HuaWang

Received 29 August 2019, Revised 5 November 2019, Accepted 16 November 2019, Available online 20 November 2019.

Optics Communications. Volume 459, 15 March 2020, 124970

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030401819310466

RDot AB ElectroChromic Displays

https://rdotdisplays.com/displays

Review of nanostructure color filters Felix Gildas and Yaping Dan*

University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai, China

J. Nanophoton. 13(2), 020901 (2019), doi: 10.1117/1.JNP.13.020901.

http://yapingd.sjtu.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20190708/20190708084242_36263.pdf

Nanostructured Color Filters: A Review of Recent Developments

Ayesha Shaukat 1,2 , Frazer Noble 1 and Khalid Mahmood Arif 1,*

Received: 21 June 2020; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 7 August 2020

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7466596/pdf/nanomaterials-10-01554.pdf

Liquid-crystal tunable color filters based on aluminum metasurfaces

Zu-Wen Xie, Jhen-Hong Yang, Vishal Vashistha, Wei Lee, and Kuo-Ping Chen

 Optics Express > Volume 25 > Issue 24 > Page 30764

https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-25-24-30764&id=377288

Structural Colors: From Plasmonic to Carbon Nanostructures

Ting XuHaofei ShiYi‐Kuei WuAlex F. KaplanJong G. OkL. Jay Guo

First published: 20 September 2011 

Small, 7, 3128 (2011)

https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201101068

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Structural-colors%3A-from-plasmonic-to-carbon-Xu-Shi/53a8c9085eec0bf86300a1feb54004c7085b2448

A New Full Color Reflective Display Based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

https://www.displaydaily.com/paid-news/ldm-mdm/technology/a-new-full-color-reflective-display-based-on-cholesteric-liquid-crystals

Reflective Display Technology 

22 Dec 2017 Samsung

https://pid.samsungdisplay.com/en/learning-center/blog/reflective-display-technology

Electrochromic Displays

Kobayashi N. (2015)

In: Chen J., Cranton W., Fihn M. (eds) Handbook of Visual Display Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35947-7_188-1

Transparent inorganic multicolour displays enabled by zinc-based electrochromic devices

• Wu Zhang, 
• Haizeng Li, 
• William W. Yu & 
• Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi

Light: Science & Applicationsvolume 9, Article number: 121 (2020) 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-020-00366-9

Electrochromic Device

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/electrochromic-device

What is an Electrochromic Display?

Ynvisible

https://www.ynvisible.com/news-inspiration/what-is-an-electrochromic-display

Rollable and transparent subpixelated electrochromic displays using deformable nanowire electrodes with improved electrochemical and mechanical stability

Jong-WooKimDo-KyunKwonJae-MinMyoung

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea

Received 22 November 2019, Revised 26 December 2019, Accepted 15 January 2020, Available online 18 January 2020.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124145

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894720301364

Performance studies of electrochromic displays

Proceedings Volume 9258, Advanced Topics in Optoelectronics, Microelectronics, and Nanotechnologies VII; 925833 (2015)

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2072317

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/9258/1/Performance-studies-of-electrochromic-displays/10.1117/12.2072317.short?SSO=1

Flexible and Transparent Electrochromic Displays with Simultaneously Implementable Subpixelated Ion Gel‐Based Viologens by Multiple Patterning

Jong‐Woo KimJae‐Min Myoung

First published: 04 February 2019 

https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808911

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201808911

Greyscale and Paper Electrochromic Polymer Displays by UV Patterning 

by Robert Brooke ^1,2, Jesper Edberg ^1,2, Xavier Crispin ¹, Magnus Berggren ¹, Isak Engquist ¹ and Magnus P. Jonsson ^1,*1

Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden²RISE Acreo, ICT Department, Printed Electronics, Research Institutes of Sweden, Acreo, 601 17 Norrkoping, Sweden

 Polymers2019, 11(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020267

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/2/267

Printed Electrochromics boldly goes where no display has gone before

Ron Mertens

https://www.oled-info.com/printed-electrochromics-boldly-goes-where-no-display-has-gone

Multi-Layered Electrochromic Display

Yoshihisa Naijoh, Tohru Yashiro, Shigenobu Hirano, Yoshinori Okada, SukChan Kim, Kazuaki Tsuji, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Koh Fujimura, Hitoshi Kondoh

RICOH Company, Ltd., Research and Development Group, 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan

https://www.ricoh.com/-/Media/Ricoh/Sites/com/technology/tech/pdf/EP1-1.pdf

High Resolution Technology for Multi-Layered Electrochromic Display

Yoshinori Okada, Tohru Yashiro, Yoshihisa Naijoh, Shigenobu Hirano, SukChan Kim, Kazuaki Tsuji, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Koh Fujimura, Hitoshi Kondoh

RICOH Company, Ltd., Research and Development Group, 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

https://jp.ricoh.com/-/Media/Ricoh/Sites/jp_ricoh/technology/tech/pdf/EP3-2.pdf

Flexible Electrochromic Display

Tohru Yashiro, Yoshinori Okada, Yoshihisa Naijoh, Shigenobu Hirano, Toshiya Sagisaka, Daisuke Gotoh, Mamiko Inoue, SukChan Kim, Kazuaki Tsuji, Hiroyuki Takahashi, and Koh Fujimura

RICOH Company, Ltd., Research and Development Group, 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

https://www.ricoh.com/-/Media/Ricoh/Sites/com/technology/tech/pdf/EP2-1.pdf

5.3: Novel Design for Color Electrochromic Display

Tohru Yashiro, Shigenobu Hirano, Yoshihisa Naijoh, Yoshinori Okada, Kazuaki Tsuji, Mikiko Abe, Akishige Murakami, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Koh Fujimura, Hitoshi Kondoh

Ricoh Company, Ltd., Research and Development Group 16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuzuki-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

https://www.ricoh.com/-/Media/Ricoh/Sites/com/technology/tech/pdf/sid2011_ricoh.pdf

Electrokinetic pixels with biprimary inks for color displays and color-temperature-tunable smart windows

S. MUKHERJEE,1 W. L. HSIEH,3 N. SMITH,2 M. GOULDING,2 AND J. HEIKENFELD1,*

1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA 2Merck Chemicals Ltd., Chilworth Technical Centre, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 7QD, UK
3Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
*Corresponding author: heikenjc@ucmail.uc.edu

Received 11 March 2015; revised 5 May 2015; accepted 11 May 2015; posted 18 May 2015 (Doc. ID 235176); published 10 June 2015

Vol. 54, No. 17 / June 10 2015 / Applied Optics

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ba40/c6aed3f1751dac70820bb3de33e5f091fc6f.pdf

TransPrint: A Method for Fabricating Flexible Transparent Free-Form Displays

---

Walther Jensen,¹ Ashley Colley,² Jonna Häkkilä,² Carlos Pinheiro,³ and Markus Löchtefeld¹

¹Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

²University of Lapland, 96300 Rovaniemi, Finland

³Ynvisible Interactive Inc., 2820-690 Charneca da Caparica, Portugal

Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 2019, Article ID 1340182, 14 pages,2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1340182

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2019/1340182/

IllumiPaper: Illuminated Interactive Paper

Konstantin Klamka, Raimund Dachselt

Interactive Media Lab Dresden Technische Universita ̈t Dresden, Germany {klamka, dachselt}@acm.org

https://www.imld.de/cnt/uploads/klamka_dachselt_illumipaper_chi17.pdf

Electrofluidic Imaging Films for Brighter, Faster, and Lower‐Cost e‐Paper

Matthew Hagedon Jason Heikenfeld Kenneth A. Dean Eric Kreit Kaichang Zhou John Rudolph

First published: 01 July 2013

SID

Volume44, Issue1 June 2013 Pages 111-114

https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06154.x

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06154.x

The Biprimary Color System for E‐Paper: Doubling Color Performance Compared to RGBW

Sayantika Mukherjee Jason Heikenfeld Nathan Smith Mark Goulding Claire Topping Sarah Norman Qin Liu Laura Kramer

Volume45, Issue1 San Diego, CA, June 1–6, 2014
June 2014 Pages 869-872. First published: 07 July 2014

https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2014.tb00229.x

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2014.tb00229.x

Fundamentals and Applications of Large Area Multi-spectral state Electrophoretic Panels for Displays and Smart Windows

PhD Thesis 2015

Sayantika Mukherjee

https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ucin1445342776&disposition=inline

Printed Multi-color Devices using Oxidative Electrochromic Materials

Daisuke Goto*, Satoshi Yamamoto, Toshiya Sagisaka, Masato Shinoda, Fuminari Kaneko, Keiichiro Yutani, Keigo Takauji, Yoshinori Okada, and Tohru Yashiro

Ricoh Institute of Future Technology, Ricoh Co., Ltd.
16-1 Shinei-cho, Tsuduki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-0035, Japan

*daisuke.dg.gotoh@nts.ricoh.co.jp

Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology

Volume 30, Number 4 (2017) 489-493 

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/photopolymer/30/4/30_489/_pdf

Novel organic multi-color electrochromic device for e-paper application

Authors: Kobayashi, Norihisa; Yukikawa, Masahiro; Liang, Zhuang; Nakamura, Kazuki
Source: NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, Volume 2017, Number 1, November 2017, pp. 111-114(4)
Publisher: Society for Imaging Science and Technology

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ist/nipdf/2017/00002017/00000001/art00026

Scalable electrochromic nanopixels using plasmonics

1. Jialong Peng
2. Hyeon-Ho Jeong
3. Qianqi Lin
4. Sean Cormier¹, 
5. Hsin-Ling Liang², 
6. Michael F. L. De Volder², 
7. Silvia Vignolini³ and 
8. Jeremy J. Baumberg¹,†

1. ¹NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
2. ²NanoManufacturing Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
3. ³Bio-inspired Photonics Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.

Science Advances  10 May 2019:
Vol. 5, no. 5, eaaw2205
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2205

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/5/eaaw2205

Electrochromic display

Innoscentia adopts Ynvisible displays for dynamic food labels

https://www.e-ink-info.com/tags/electrochromic-display

Low energy switching driver for printed electrochromic displays

Ciprian Ionescu, Robert Alexandru Dobre

Proceedings Volume 10010, Advanced Topics in Optoelectronics, Microelectronics, and Nanotechnologies VIII; 100100I (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2246104

Event: Advanced Topics in Optoelectronics, Microelectronics, and Nanotechnologies 2016, 2016, Constanta, Romania

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10010/1/Low-energy-switching-driver-for-printed-electrochromic-displays/10.1117/12.2246104.short

Electrochromic materials and devices: present and future 

Prakash R. Somani a,∗, S. Radhakrishnan b

a Photonics and Advanced Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Panchawati, Off Pashan Road, Pune 411008, India
b National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pune 411008, India

Received 17 May 2001; received in revised form 10 September 2001; accepted 26 September 2001

Materials Chemistry and Physics 77 (2002) 117–133

https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~qifzhang/SmartWindow-2.pdf

A high speed electrically switching reflective structural color display with large color gamut

Wenqiang Wang,^aZhiqiang Guan *^a  and  Hongxing Xu*^ab

Nanoscale, 2021,13, 1164-1171 

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/nr/d0nr07347d/unauth#!divAbstract

Mechanochromism in Structurally Colored Polymeric Materials

Jess M. Clough,* Christoph Weder, and Stephen Schrettl

Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2021, 42, 2000528

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/marc.202000528

Transparent inorganic multicolour displays enabled by zinc-based electrochromic devices

by Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, Chinese Academy

https://phys.org/news/2020-07-transparent-inorganic-multicolour-enabled-zinc-based.html

Transparent inorganic multicolour displays enabled by zinc-based electrochromic devices

• Wu Zhang, 
• Haizeng Li, 
• William W. Yu & 
• Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi

Light: Science & Applications volume 9, Article number: 121 (2020)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-020-00366-9

The Rdot Display

https://rdotdisplays.com/displays#technology-overview

Flexible displays for smart clothing: Part II— Electrochromic displays

Ludivine Meunier, Fern M. Kelly,  V. Koncar

Published 2011

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Flexible-displays-for-smart-clothing%3A-Part-II—-Meunier-Kelly/416ae224096d852d4e804f023344cfd77f8a0955

Electrochromic displays

The new black

Nature Materials volume 7, pages766–767(2008)

https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat2282

Intrinsically stretchable polymer based electrochromic devices for soft electronic displays

Preston, Garth Eden Claire

2020 PhD Thesis UBC, Canada

https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0394053

TiO2 Nanostructured Films for Electrochromic Paper Based-Devices

by Daniela Nunes , Tomas Freire, Andrea Barranger 1, João Vieira 1, Mariana Matias 1, Sonia Pereira 1, Ana Pimentel 1, Neusmar J. A. Cordeiro 1,2, Elvira Fortunato 1 and Rodrigo Martins 1,

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041200

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/4/1200/htm

Printable All‐Organic Electrochromic Active‐Matrix Displays

P. Andersson R. Forchheimer P. Tehrani M. Berggren
First published: 31 August 2007

https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200601241

Advanced Functional Materials Volume17, Issue16
November, 2007
Pages 3074-3082

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adfm.200601241

Development and Manufacture of Polymer‐Based Electrochromic Devices

Jacob Jensen Markus Hösel Aubrey L. Dyer Frederik C. Krebs

Advanced Functional Materials Volume25, Issue14
April 8, 2015
Pages 2073-2090

First published: 26 February 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201403765

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201403765

In-Glass Display Applications

Lumineq

https://www.lumineq.com/products/in-glass-laminated-displays?utm_term=transparent%20display%20technology&utm_campaign=SEM+Transparent+display&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=4647806447&hsa_cam=6925704645&hsa_grp=82442195409&hsa_ad=389875579337&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-299898408889&hsa_kw=transparent%20display%20technology&hsa_mt=b&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gclid=CjwKCAiA65iBBhB-EiwAW253W9bobWWQ8ofQfXKQADeXPwpE5YdB42K02ZDXij8gxaI2DYRXgEYAmxoCahgQAvD_BwE

Greyscale and Paper Electrochromic Polymer Displays by UV Patterning 

by Robert Brooke ^1,2, Jesper Edberg ^1,2, Xavier Crispin ¹, Magnus Berggren ¹, Isak Engquist ¹ and Magnus P. Jonsson ^1,*1

Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden²

RISE Acreo, ICT Department, Printed Electronics, Research Institutes of Sweden, Acreo, 601 17 Norrkoping, Sweden

 

Polymers 2019, 11(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020267

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/2/267

Ynvisible

https://www.ynvisible.com/products

Novel Color-Sequential Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays 

Ju-Hyun Lee, Xinyu Zhu, and Shin-Tson Wu, Fellow, IEEE

JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH 2007

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shin-Tson_Wu/publication/3453747_Novel_Color-Sequential_Transflective_Liquid_Crystal_Displays/links/543bcb810cf24a6ddb97a72d.pdf

Control of Reflectivity and Bistability in Displays Using Cholesteric Liquid-Crystals

Deng-Ke Yang

Kent State University – Kent Campus

John L. West

Kent State University – Kent Campus

Liang-Chy Chien
Kent State University – Kent Campus, lchien@kent.edu

J. William Doane

Kent State University – Kent Campus

1994

Journal of Applied Physics 76(2), 1331-1333. doi: 10.1063/1.358518

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5745/37ac3771c718ff1c0aca55db41fb42cf1086.pdf

A Polymer-Stabilized Single-Layer Color Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display with Anisotropic Reflection. 

Lu, Shin-Ying and Chien, Liang-Chy (2007).

Applied Physics Letters 91(13). doi: 10.1063/1.2790499

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ff0d/7e9f113236f4ff4faefe378065f54085ca39.pdf

Electrofluidic Imaging Films for Brighter, Faster, and Lower‐Cost e‐Paper

Matthew HagedonJason HeikenfeldKenneth A. DeanEric KreitKaichang ZhouJohn Rudolph

First published: 01 July 2013 

https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06154.x

SID Digest Volume44, Issue1
June 2013
Pages 111-114

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06154.x

POLYMER STABILIZED BLACK-WHITE CHOLESTERIC REFLECTIVE DISPLAY

Inventors:Deng-KeYang, Hudson; Ruiqing Ma, Kent, both of Ohio

Asigne:Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

Patent Number: 5,847,798

Date of Patent: Dec.8,1998

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ea/de/dc/ab3c4744b91e92/US5847798.pdf

BISTABLE POLYMER DISPERSED CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

Inventors:Deng-KeYang, Stow,Ohio;

Zhijian Lu,Yorktown Heights, N.Y.;

J.William Doane, Kent, Ohio

Assignee: Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

Patent Number: 6,061,107

Date of Patent: May9,2000

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/91/26/5c/07428c026184fc/US6061107.pdf

HOLOGRAPHICALLY FORMED REFLECTIVE DISPLAY, LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY AND PROJECTION SYSTEM AND METHODS OF FORMING THE SAME

Inventors: Louis D.Silverstein, Scotsdale, Ariz.,

Thomas G. Fiske, Campbell, Calif.;

Greg P. Crawford, Providence, R.I.

Assignee: Xerox Corporation, Stamford, Conn.

Patent Number: 6,133,971

Date of Patent: Oct.17,2000

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/10/7c/aa/7af72607c8d275/US6133971.pdf

Japan Display shows low-power reflective LCD that does color, video

https://www.engadget.com/2012-11-05-japan-display-shows-low-power-reflective-lcd.html

Japan Display Introduces Paper-like Color Reflective LCD

https://www.cdrinfo.com/d7/content/japan-display-introduces-paper-color-reflective-lcd

https://www.hardwarezone.com.sg/tech-news-japan-display-showcases-7-inch-paper-reflective-lcd-panel

Overview on reflective liquid crystal displays using one polarizer

Shin-Tson Wu

Proceedings Volume 3421, Display Technologies II; (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.311049
Event: Asia Pacific Symposium on Optoelectronics ’98, 1998, Taipei, Taiwan

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/3421/0000/Overview-on-reflective-liquid-crystal-displays-using-one-polarizer/10.1117/12.311049.short?SSO=1

Reflective Liquid-Crystal Displays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Tatsuo Uchida  and Takahiro Ishinabe

MRS Bulletin , Volume 27 , Issue 11: Advanced Flat-Panel Displays and Materials , November 2002 , pp. 876 – 879

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.276

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-bulletin/article/abs/reflective-liquidcrystal-displays/61677377AAC957316F367A6B4612E0A1

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Shin-Tson Wu, Hughes Research Laboratories
Deng-ke Yang, Kent State University

The evolution of portable communications applications has been facilitated largely by the development of reflective LCD technology. Offering a unique insight into state-of-the art display technologies, Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays covers the basic operations principles, exemplary device structures and fundamental material properties of device components.

Display engineers, scientists and technicians active in the field will welcome this unique resource, as will developers of a wide range of systems and applications. Graduate students and researchers will appreciated the introduction and technical insight into this exciting technology.

Featuring:

• Direct-view, projection and micro (virtual projection) reflective displays in the context of multi-media projectors, mobile internet and personal entertainment displays.
• Optimization of critical display attributes: fast response time, low voltage operation and wide angle viewing.
• Description of the basic properties of liquid crystal materials and their incorporation into configurations for transmissive and reflective applications.
• Examination of the various operations modes enabling the reader to select the appropriate display type to meet a variety of needs.
• Overview and comparison of the complete range of reflective display technologies, and reflective LCD effects.

Author:    Shin-Tson Wu, Deng-Ke Yang
Publisher:    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Date of Publication:    04/01/2001
ISBN Number:    0-471-49611-1
Format:    Hardback
Pages:    352

https://www.sid.org/Publications/Bookstore/tabid/836/c/book/p/reflective-liquid-crystal-displays/Default.aspx

Reflective liquid crystal display with fast response time and wide viewing angle

Xiao-QingGu^aFanChu^aLi-LanTian^aRuiLi^aWen-YiHou^aXiang-YuZhou^aQiong-HuaWang^b

Optics Communications
Volume 459, 15 March 2020, 124970

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030401819310466

TRANSPARENT REFLECTIVE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Inventors:Jong Weon Moon, Seoul (KR);Yong Beom Kim, Seoul (KR)

US202/089623A1

July 2002

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/93/28/c4/61239e7146afd7/US20020089623A1.pdf

What LCD Modes Mean: Reflective, Transmissive, Transflective

March 14, 2017

https://newvisiondisplay.com/lcd-modes/

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays: The Next Major Paradigm Shift in Display Technology

Gregory P. Crawford Brown University, Providence, RI

https://www.imaging.org/site/PDFS/Papers/1997/IST-0-4/206.pdf

Power generating reflective-type liquid crystal displays using a reflective polariser and a polymer solar cell. 

Ho Huh, Y. and Park, B.

Sci. Rep. 5, 11558; doi: 10.1038/srep11558 (2015).

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11558

Achromatic Dye-type Polarizer for Paper White Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

ITE Trans. on MTA Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 262-268 (2018)

Noriaki Mochizuki†1, Takahiro Ishinabe†2 (member), Daichi Fujiwara†3, Daisuke Nakamura†3, Norio Koma†3, Hideo Fujikake†2 (member)

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mta/6/4/6_262/_article/-char/en

Types of LCD Displays

https://www.eeeguide.com/types-of-lcd-displays/

Reflective LCD Display:

https://www.eeeguide.com/reflective-lcd-display/

Color OLED/reflective LCD hybrid display can be easily seen in full sunlight

Display demoed at SID 2016 is suitable in size for a cell phone.

Jun 27th, 2016

https://www.laserfocusworld.com/detectors-imaging/article/16558979/color-oledreflective-lcd-hybrid-display-can-be-easily-seen-in-full-sunlight

Reflective LCD Display

Sun Vision Display

https://www.sunvisiondisplay.com/technology

FLEx Lighting Sets Out to Transform Reflective LCD

https://www.displaysupplychain.com/blog/flex-lighting-sets-out-to-transform-reflective-lcd

Reflective liquid crystal display using cholesteric polymers

US-0883021 (2001-06-15)

https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchPatent.do?cn=USP2004126833891&dbt=USPA

JDI Reflective Display is For Digital Signage

https://www.displaydaily.com/paid-news/ldm/ldm-event-reports/ldm-company-event-reports/jdi-shows-reflective-display-for-digital-signage

Japan Display Inc. to start mass production of ultra-low power consumption Memory-In-Pixel reflective-type LCD module

Posted By itersnews On January 13, 2014 

http://itersnews.com/?p=64732

MONOCHROME AND COLOR MEMORY-IN-PIXEL DISPLAYS (MIP)

https://www.data-modul.com/en/displays/mip-displays.html

Reflective liquid-crystal displays with asymmetric incident and exit angles

Zhibing Ge, Thomas X. Wu, Xinyu Zhu, and Shin-Tson Wu

Journal of the Optical Society of America A Vol. 22, Issue 5, pp. 966-977 (2005) •https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.22.000966

https://www.osapublishing.org/josaa/ViewMedia.cfm?uri=josaa-22-5-966&seq=0&guid=6e2da24f-2b12-4bd6-a42c-cf17d9e9f815

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7842095_Reflective_liquid-crystal_displays_with_asymmetric_incident_and_exit_angles

Analyses and Improvements of Whiteness of Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Yi-Pai Huang¹, Liang-San Chu¹ and Han-Ping D. Shieh¹

Published 9 September 2004 • Copyright (c) 2004 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 43, Number 9R

Citation Yi-Pai Huang et al 2004 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43 6162

Reflective liquid-crystal display using an in-plane-switching super-twisted nematic cell

Y. Sun, Hong-mei Ma, +1 author S. Wu

Published 2002

Journal of Applied Physics

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reflective-liquid-crystal-display-using-an-nematic-Sun-Ma/51d4591feb27bad6fe47d5ceb7872a0de2c4b79d

Color Reflective Display Technology

Ricoh

https://www.ricoh.com/technology/tech/031_epaper

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Modes

Hitachi

http://www.koe.j-display.com/upload/file/AN-005_Display_Modes.pdf

Review of Display Technologies Focusing on Power Consumption

María Rodríguez Fernández 1,†, Eduardo Zalama Casanova 2,* and Ignacio González Alonso 3,†

Sustainability 2015, 7, 10854-10875; doi:10.3390/su70810854

Fujitsu Dramatically Enhances Color Electronic Paper Functionality

https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2010/0507-01.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLEPia

What are ZBD LCDs?

December 19, 2019

https://newvisiondisplay.com/what-are-zbd-lcds/

New Vision Display Acquires ZBD LCD Technology and Malvern, UK Facility

https://www.displaydaily.com/article/press-releases/new-vision-display-acquires-zbd-lcd-technology-and-malvern-uk-facility

Large Area, High Resolution Portable ZBD Display

• May 2002
• SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 33(1)

DOI: 10.1889/1.1830238

• Project: Zenithal Bistable Displays (ZBD)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250999021_51_Large_Area_High_Resolution_Portable_ZBD_Display

Nemoptic OLED/BiNem combo display gets video demo

Chris Davies – Oct 11, 2010, 4:12am CDT

https://www.slashgear.com/nemoptic-oledbinem-combo-display-gets-video-demo-11107018/

https://www.oled-info.com/nemoptic-unvies-oled-coupled-bistable-nematic-lcd-display

https://www.sii.co.jp/en/news/release/2008/12/04/10150/

Bistable Reflective LCDs

https://focuslcds.com/journals/bistable-display-new-custom-lcd-technology-qa/

Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays

• January 2016
• Cliff Jones

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_92

• In book: Handbook of Visual Display Technology

• Project: Zenithal Bistable Displays (ZBD)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310481389_Bistable_Liquid_Crystal_Displays

The Zenithal Bistable Display: From concept to consumer

• January 2008
• Journal of the Society for Information Display 16(1)

DOI: 10.1889/1.2835021

• Project: Zenithal Bistable Displays (ZBD)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245414219_The_Zenithal_Bistable_Display_From_concept_to_consumer

A Nematic-Cholesteric Bistable Liquid Crystal Display For Projectors

A. Mochizuki, M. Iwasaki, Y. Yamagishi, H. Gondo, H. Yamaguchi

Global Bistable LCD Market: Industry Analysis 2013-2018 and Opportunity Assessment 2018-2023

https://industryresearchcity.wordpress.com/2019/05/22/global-bistable-lcd-market-industry-analysis-2013-2018-and-opportunity-assessment-2018-2023/

CLEARink Displays

https://www.clearinkdisplays.com

Recent Trend of Display Devices

Fumiaki Funada*1 Masaya Hijikigawa*2

1997

Electrofluidic Displays: Multi-stability and Display Technology Progress

Kenneth A. Dean, Kaichang Zhou, Steve Smith, Brian Brollier, Hari Atkuri and John Rudolph
Gamma Dynamics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A.

Shu Yang, Stephanie Chevalliot, Eric Kreit, and Jason Heikenfeld

Novel Devices Lab, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, U.S.A.

Photonic-crystal full-colour displays

́
ANDRE C. ARSENAULT1,2*, DANIEL P. PUZZO1,2, IAN MANNERS3* AND GEOFFREY A. OZIN1*

1Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada 2Opalux Incorporated, 80 St George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
3School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
*e-mail: andre.arsenault@opalux.com; Ian.Manners@bristol.ac.uk; gozin@chem.utoronto.ca

nature photonics | VOL 1 | AUGUST 2007 | www.nature.com/naturephotonics

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian_Manners2/publication/232756782_Photonic-crystal_full-color_displays/links/56fd272e08ae8c2a97c10b93/Photonic-crystal-full-color-displays.pdf

P-Ink displays: Flexible, low power, reflective color

Andre C Arsenault, Hai Wang, Eric Henderson, Fergal Kerins, Ulrich Kamp, Leonardo Da Silva Bonifacio, Pak Hin Law, Geoffrey A. Ozin

Proceedings Volume 8613, Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano Optics and Photonics VI; 86130R (2013) 

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2006468
Event: SPIE MOEMS-MEMS, 2013, San Francisco, California, United States

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8613/86130R/P-Ink-displays-Flexible-low-power-reflective-color/10.1117/12.2006468.short

P-Ink and Elast-Ink from lab to market

Geoffrey A.Ozin^aAndre C.Arsenault^ba

Center for Inorganic and Polymeric Nanomaterials, Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3H6^b

Opalux Incorporated, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6

Materials Today Volume 11, Issues 7–8, July–August 2008, Pages 44-51

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702108701482

A Polychromic, Fast Response Metallopolymer Gel Photonic Crystal with Solvent and Redox Tunability: A Step Towards Photonic Ink (P‐Ink)^†

A.C. Arsenault. H. Míguez V. Kitaev G.A. Ozin I. Manners

First published: 20 March 2003 

https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200390116

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.200390116

Nanobrick

http://www.nanobrick.co.kr/en/home_en

Opalux

https://opalux.com

ESKIN Displays

http://www.eskindisplays.com

Structural Colors: From Plasmonic to Carbon Nanostructures

Ting Xu, Haofei Shi, Yi-Kuei Wu, Alex F. Kaplan, Jong G. Ok, and L. Jay Guo

http://oknano.org/doc/paper/international/012_2011_Small_structuralcolors_review.pdf

Liquid-crystal tunable color filters based on aluminum metasurfaces

ZU-WEN XIE,1 JHEN-HONG YANG,2 VISHAL VASHISTHA,3 WEI LEE,4 AND KUO-PING CHEN4,*

1Institute of Lighting and Energy Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Guiren Dist, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
2Institute of Photonic System, National Chiao Tung University, Guiren Dist., Tainan 711, Taiwan 3Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland

4Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Guiren Dist., Tainan 71150, Taiwan

https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-25-24-30764&id=377288

Full-Color Realization of Micro-LED Displays 

Yifan Wu, Jianshe Ma, Ping Su * , Lijun Zhang and Bizhong Xia

Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; wuyf19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (Y.W.); ma.jianshe@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn (J.M.); zhanglj18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (L.Z.); xiabz@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn (B.X.)
* Correspondence: su.ping@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn

Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2482; doi:10.3390/nano10122482

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7764662/pdf/nanomaterials-10-02482.pdf

Plasmonic Color Makes a Comeback

Rachel Brazil

ACS Central Science 2020 6 (3), 332-335 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00259

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00259

Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color

Kunli Xiong, Gustav Emilsson, Ali Maziz, Xinxin Yang, Lei Shao, Edwin Jager and Andreas B. Dahlin

Advanced Materials, 2016. 28(45), pp.9956-9960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603358

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1077011/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials

Frank Neubrech1,2, Xiaoyang Duan1,2, Na Liu3,4*

Neubrech et al., Sci. Adv. 2020; 6 : eabc2709 4 September 2020

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/6/36/eabc2709.full.pdf

Scalable electrochromic nanopixels using plasmonics

Jialong Peng1*, Hyeon-Ho Jeong1*, Qianqi Lin1, Sean Cormier1, Hsin-Ling Liang2, Michael F. L. De Volder2, Silvia Vignolini3, Jeremy J. Baumberg1†

Peng et al., Sci. Adv. 2019;5:eaaw2205 10 May 2019

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/5/5/eaaw2205.full.pdf

Actively addressed single pixel full-colour plasmonic display

Daniel Franklin1,2, Russell Frank2, Shin-Tson Wu3 & Debashis Chanda1,2,3

2016

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 8:15209 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15209 | http://www.nature.com/naturecommunications

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15209.pdf?origin=ppub

Super Ultra-High Resolution Liquid-Crystal-Display Using Perovskite Quantum-Dot Functional Color-Filters

• Yun-Hyuk Ko, 
• Mohammed Jalalah, 
• Seung-Jae Lee & 
• Jea-Gun Park

Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 12881 (2018)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30742-w

Micro-light-emitting diodes with quantum dots in display technology

• Zhaojun Liu, 
• Chun-Ho Lin, 
• Byung-Ryool Hyun, 
• Chin-Wei Sher, 
• Zhijian Lv, 
• Bingqing Luo, 
• Fulong Jiang, 
• Tom Wu, 
• Chih-Hsiang Ho, 
• Hao-Chung Kuo & 
• Jr-Hau He

Light: Science & Applicationsvolume 9, Article number: 83 (2020)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-020-0268-1

Plasmonic Color Filters for CMOS Image Sensor Applications

Sozo Yokogawa,†,‡,§ Stanley P. Burgos,†,§ and Harry A. Atwater*,†
†Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States

‡Sony Corporation, Atsugi Tec. 4-14-1 Asahi-cho, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0014, Japan

dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl302110z | Nano Lett.

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.422.8812&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Review of nanostructure color filters 

Felix Gildas and Yaping Dan*

University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai, China

Journal of Nanophotonics 020901-1 Apr–Jun 2019 • Vol. 13(2)

http://yapingd.sjtu.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20190708/20190708084242_36263.pdf

Electroactive Inverse Opal: A Single Material for All Colors^†

Daniel P. PuzzoAndre C. ArsenaultIan MannersGeoffrey A. Ozin

First published: 13 January 2009 

https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200804391

Angewandte Volume48, Issue5 January 19, 2009 Pages 943-947

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anie.200804391

Electrically tunable block copolymer photonic crystals with a full color display

Yijie Lu,a Hongwei Xia,a Guangzhao Zhang*a and Chi Wuab

Received 23rd March 2009, Accepted 3rd June 2009
First published as an Advance Article on the web 30th June 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b905760a

J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19, 5952–5955

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guangzhao_Zhang/publication/228498908_Electrically_tunable_block_copolymer_photonic_crystals_with_a_full_color_display/links/551537a90cf2f7d80a3289ff.pdf

DYNAMICALLY TUNABLE PLASMONIC STRUCTURAL COLOR

by

DANIEL FRANKLIN
B.S. Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2011

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Department of Physics
in the College of Sciences
at the University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida

Spring Term 2018

Major Professor: Debashis Chanda

http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0007001/Franklin_Thesis.pdf

Progress in polydopamine-based melanin mimetic materials for structural color generation

Michinari Kohri

Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021, VOL. 21, NO. 1, 833–848 https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2020.1852057

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33536837/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7832497/pdf/TSTA_21_1852057.pdf

Photoresponsive Structural Color in Liquid Crystalline Materials

Michael E. McConneyMariacristina RumiNicholas P. GodmanUrice N. TohghaTimothy J. Bunning

First published: 24 May 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201900429

Adv Optical Materials Volume7, Issue16
Special Issue: Light‐Responsive Smart Soft Matter Technologies
August 19, 2019
1900429

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adom.201900429

Liquid-crystal materials find a new order in biomedical applications

Scott J Woltman ¹, Gregory D Jay, Gregory P Crawford

Nat Mater
. 2007 Dec;6(12):929-38. doi: 10.1038/nmat2010. Epub 2007 Nov 18.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18026108/

Color and Imaging in Digital Video and Cinema

Color reproduction and management is a key task in digital video and cinema production. Choices of hardware, software, and handoffs and handshakes in production process require control over color of an image or a video. This is a very complex task due to several reasons.

• Complexity of Color and its measurement
• Changing color and light conditions during shoot indoors and outdoors
• Hardware and software encoded color standards are inconsistent. Cameras, displays and projectors all have different color specifications.
• After shoot, the data recorded is processed using different softwares for editing, grading, compositing, CG rendering, animations, and special effects. These softwares require different data formats (Log vs Linear).
• After processing video data is required to meet different deliverables in multiple formats for displays and projectors.
• Archiving and storage of data requires specific color formats.
• There are also subjective and artistic requirements to meet look and feel of the data.

My post is to bring these issues to light and to educate. I hope after reading this post you know little more about color and its management during digital video and cinema production.

Key Terms

• ACES
• LUT
• REC709
• REC2020
• Color Gamut
• CIE Chromaticies
• CIE XYZ
• ACES 1.1
• ACES 1.2
• Color Workflow
• Premier Pro
• Final Cut Pro
• Davinci Resolve
• Avid Media Composer
• IDT
• ODT
• RRT
• Maya
• Nuke
• After Effects
• ITU
• SMPTE
• AECS
• ACES AP0
• ACES AP1
• BT 709
• BT 2020
• BT 2100 in 2016 to include HDR
• HDR High Dymanic Range
• HDR 10
• SLog3
• Fusion
• Resolve
• After Effects
• OCIO
• IDT
• ODT
• RRT
• Red
• Arri
• Sony
• Canon
• Octane
• CG
• Linear representation of light
• Gamma Curve
• Log Gamma Curve
• Log Profiles
• Dynamic Range
• Linearize work flow
• Wide Gamut color space
• Rendering engines
• VRay
• Arnold
• Redshift
• Octane
• Cinema 4d
• Blender
• EXR linearize
• Reference Rendering Transform
• Color Manager OCIO
• SLog
• ACES CC
• ACES CCT
• Wave Form
• DaVinci Resolve
• After Effects
• FS7
• Rushes
• Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
• American Society of Cinematographers ASC
• Digital Cinema Initiatives DCI
• Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SMPTE
• OpenColor IO
• 32 bit per channel
• 8 Bit
• ACES CG Input
• REC 709 Output

Human Vision

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Color Models of Human Vision

Please see my two previous posts.

On Light, Vision, Appearance, Color and Imaging

Digital Color and Imaging

Digital Color

Source: What is 4K, UHD, SLog3, Rec 2020

The process of capturing and reproducing images requires a collaboration of camera sensors, file formats, rendering technologies, and display or printer technologies. All of these have different ways and different capabilities of representing color and intensity. In addition, they are all different from how our eyes work which further complicates things. As a result, over the years, several standards and processes have been implemented to accomplish this. They all involve some aspects of how to capture and store colors, what range of colors can be dealt with and how to adjust intensity to best reproduce the real world. To understand the new 4k technologies, including SLOG3, HDR, Rec 2020 etc, an understanding of the following is needed.

• Gamut
• Bit Depth
• Gamma
• Gamma Correction
• Color spaces

Color Gamut

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Color Capture in Digital Video and Cinema

Source: HOW DOES A DIGITAL CAMERA SENSOR WORK?

A modern digital camera’s sensor comes in one of two varieties generally. It will either be a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), or a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensor. The CCD type is mainly used in older models, but is still used on some modern cameras. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, but that is a topic for another article.

The most basic way you can understand how a sensor works is when the shutter opens, the sensor captures the photons that hit it and that is converted to an electrical signal that the processor in the camera reads and interprets as colors. This information is then stitched together to form an image. That is insanely over-simplified though.

The more complex answer is that a sensor is made up of millions of cavities called “photosites,” and these photosites open when the shutter opens and close when the exposure is finished (the number of photosites is the same number of pixels your camera has). The photons that hit each photosite are interpreted as an electrical signal that varies in strength based on how many photons were actually captured in the cavity. How precise this process is depends on your camera’s bit depth.

If we looked at a picture that was taken with just that electrical data mentioned earlier from the sensor, then the images would actually be in gray-scale. How we get colored images is by what’s known as a “Bayer filter array.” A Bayer filter is a colored filter placed over-top of each photosite and is used to determine the color of an image based on how the electrical signals from neighboring photosites measure. The colors of the filters are the standard red, green and blue, with a ratio of one red, one blue and two green in every section of four photosites.

The red filter allows red light to be captured, the blue allows blue light in and the green allows green light in. The light that doesn’t match that photosites filter is reflected. This means that we are losing two-thirds of the light that can be captured and it is only of one color for each photosite. This forces the camera to guess what the amount of the other two colors is in each given pixel.

The data that is interpreted by the sensor with the Bayer filter array is what a RAW image file is.

The camera then goes through a process to estimate how much of each color of light there was for each photosite and colors the image based on that guessing.

Single Sensor Vs Multiple Sensors in Cameras

• Sensor Type
  • CCD
  • CMOS
• Sensor Size
  • Full Frame
  • APS-C
• Sensor Numbers
  • Single – 1 CMOS or 1CCD
  • Multiple – 2CCD, 3CCD, 3CMOS
• Sensor Pixels
  • 24 MP
  • 48 MP
• Sensor Dynamic Range
  • Range of brightness sensor captures
  • 14 Stops
  • 20 Stops

A camera sensor can only capture a limited range of light. When a scene extends beyond that range of light, techniques such as filters, flash, and editing techniques can still create a dramatic, well-detailed image.

Comparison of different sensor sizes

Image Source: Camera Sensor Sizes Explained: What You Need to Know

Source: Camera Sensor Sizes Explained: What You Need to Know

Cameras with Single Image Sensor

With CFA Color Filter Array

• Bayer CFA

Bayer CFA

Source:

Conversion of RAW files

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Cameras with multiple Image Sensors

Cameras with multiple sensors do not require Bayer CFA.

• 3 CCD – Single color info per sensor
• 3 CMOS – Single color info per sensor
• 4 CCD – Single color info per sensor plus Near Infra Red (NIR) info

Color Spaces in the Digital Video and Cinema

Image Source: Common Color Spaces

Gamut of Color Spaces

Color Space is characterized based on how much of its gamut covers the CIE Chromaticity Diagram.

Image Source: Why Every Editor, Colorist, and VFX Artist Needs to Understand ACES

Source: The Pointer’s Gamut
The coverage of real surface colors by RGB color spaces and wide gamut displays

Source: The Pointer’s Gamut
The coverage of real surface colors by RGB color spaces and wide gamut displays

Device Dependent Color Spaces

Capture Devices

Professional Cameras for Cinematography and Videography from

• Sony
• Canon
• Arri
• Red

Camera Sensor Dynamic Range

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Conversion of RAW to Video Formats

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Sony SLog Transfer Function

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Sony Transfer Functions

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Other Transfer Functions

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Sony Color Spaces

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Slog, Gamma, and Gamut

Source: Are S-Log and Color Space separate things?

S-log is a specific gamma, color space is a general term referring to gamuts. A very crude way of thinking is gamma refers to brightness and gamut refers to color.

It’s important to know which gamma and gamut you are recording in as this helps to ensure there is correct gamma and gamut mapping from capture to exhibition.

What is Gamma?

Gamma is also called Tone Mapping.

Source: What is 4K, UHD, SLog3, Rec 2020

Each pixel has a brightness level, which is the average of {red, green, blue} values, and this is called its luminance. In order to reproduce an image from capture to display, the luminance needs to be accurately reproduced. Since sensors and displays can have different luminance characteristics, there needs to be a mapping or relationship between a pixel’s numerical values and the actual luminance…this relationship is called the Gamma.

Linear Space is counter to Gamma Space or Log Space.

Log Space or Gamma Space

Log Curve simulates a non-linear curve. Log Color Profiles can be created for a camera.

• Arri LogC
• Cineon Dpx
• RedLogFilm
• Canon-Log

Source: LOG COLOR IN-DEPTH

Every professional camera manufacturer and almost every VFX and grading package has a Log workflow. Camera companies such as Arri, Sony, Canon, Red and many others implement their own flavors of Log color space. With the Log workflow it is possible to fit more dynamic range into an image and simulate nonlinear film response to light. The term Log is derived from the word logarithm, which is a fancy name for a function which outputs exponents for the given number.

Log Spaces of Different Brands

Source: LOG COLOR IN-DEPTH

Gamma Curve = Tone Curve = Log Curve

Log footage is an important part of the post-production workflow. Here’s what you need to know.

Source: UNDERSTANDING LOG AND COLOR SPACE IN COMPOSITING

As digital filmmaking becomes more and more affordable, technologies become increasingly available to colorists or post-production professionals. In this case, Log footage. The Log (logarithmic) color space has been around for quite a while. Initially high-end post houses used it with scanned film negatives in a color space called Cineon Log. Now, pretty much all camera manufacturers offer their own Log curve (or multiple). There is S-Log 2&3 (Sony), LogC (Arri), Canon Log, V-Log (panasonic), Red Logfilm, Blackmagic Log, etc. Each of them are different, usually tailored for the color science of the particular manufacturer’s products.

The biggest reason to use the Log color curve is how it retains the most dynamic range of information from the camera sensor (or film negative). It encodes what the camera sees logarithmically, meaning that the correlation between the exposure of the image (measured in stops) and the recorded image  is completely constant over a wider range. It utilizes more of the sensor’s information than a standard video curve because it’s saving as much data as possible rather than capturing specifically for the human eye or a video screen. This gives you much more color data to work with in post-production.

Linear Space

Source: Color Management/Blender

For correct results, different Color Spaces are needed for rendering, display and storage of images. Rendering and compositing is best done in scene linear color space, which corresponds more closely to nature, and makes computations more physically accurate.

Log Space to Linear Space Conversion

Source: LOG COLOR IN-DEPTH

In conclusion, to bring an image into the log color space all we need to do is to apply a logarithmic function which transforms values of pixels based on the log curves above. To linearize a log picture, we use an exponent function. Since the log color space is a mathematical transformation of values of pixels, it can be used with any types of file format, bit depth and channel. 

White Point

Is the color temperature of light. Outdoors, Indoor, Sunny, Cloudy conditions affect White Point. In Cameras white point can be adjusted depending on light conditions. D65 simulates daylight.

• D50 – 5000 K
• D60 – 6000 K
• D65 – 6500 K

sRGB uses D65 vs ACES uses D60.

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

So do you understand these now?

• LUT (Look Up Tables)
• EOTF (Electro-Optical Transfer Function) – Linear to Non Linear or Log Conversion
• OETF (Optio-Electro Transfer Function) – Log to Linear Conversion
• Gamma Curve – Popular Name for EOTF
• Gamma Correction
• Log Curve (Non Linear Data)
• Linear Curve (Linear Data)
• High Dynamic Range HDR
• Standard Dynamic Range SDR
• White Point
• IDT – Input Data Transform
• ODT – Output Data Transform
• Log LUT
• f-Stops

A pair of Gamma and Gamut data is requied for encoding to display colors.

A device dependent RGB color space has standard primaries, gamma, and a whitepoint such as D50 or D65.

• Primaries (R G B) for Color
• Gamma for Luminance, and
• White Point

Source: The Essential Guide to Color Spaces

Now that we’ve discussed these three parameters, here are some practical examples:

An Arri Alexa records media in Arri Wide Color Gamut, with an Arri Log C tone mapping curve, and a white point ranging from 2,000K to 11,000K.

A RED Dragon captures media in RedWideGamutRGB gamut, with a Log3G10 tone mapping curve, and a white point ranging from 1,700K to 10,000K (other gamut and gamma choices are available).

A cinema projector has a DCI-P3 gamut, a Gamma 2.6 tone mapping curve, and a standard illuminant D63 white point.

An SDR TV has a Rec 709 gamut, a Gamma 2.4 tone mapping curve, and a standard illuminant D65 white point.

Display Devices

• Display Projectors
• Television
• Computer Monitors

Three advantages in newer display devices

• Color
  • Color Space
  • Bit Depth
  • Gamma
  • Gamma Correction
• Resolution
  • 4K vs 8K
• Luminance
  • Nits

Image Source: What is 4K, UHD, SLog3, Rec 2020

Color Spaces used in Display Devices

Image Source: What is 4K, UHD, SLog3, Rec 2020

Display Resolution

Image Source: WHAT IS 4K, UHD, SLOG3, REC 2020

Bit Depth

Image Source: WHAT IS 4K, UHD, SLOG3, REC 2020

Color Specification using Color Management option in displays

Color Management in Digital Video and Cinema Production

In production of

• Feature Film
• Television
• OTT
• Live Production

SDR with REC 709 Color Space

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

SDR with S-Gamut3 and REC 2020

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Process Flow

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Live Production

Image Source: Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Image Source: WHAT IS 4K, UHD, SLOG3, REC 2020

Operations during Production Process

• Shoot
• Convert
• Edit/Grading
• Conforming
• Compositing/Rendering/VFX/CG
• Convert
• Deliverables

Color Space Hierarchy in Process Flows

• Scene Referred – Input data has higher priority
• Display Referred – Output data has higher priority

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Source:

Process Flows in ACES

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Working with ACES

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

CG and VFX Process Flows

Source: https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

The ‘Parts’ Of ACES

Source: Why Every Editor, Colorist, and VFX Artist Needs to Understand ACES

Even though ACES and its various transforms are quite mathematically complex, you can understand ACES better by understanding what each part or transform in the pipeline does.

Here’s the terminology for each of these transforms:

ACES Input Transform (aka: IDT or Input Device Transform)

The Input Transform takes the capture-referred data of a camera and transforms it into scene linear, ACES color space. Camera manufacturers are responsible for developing IDTs for their cameras but the Academy tests and verifies the IDTs. In future versions of ACES, the Academy may take on more control in the development of IDTs. IDTs, like all ACES transforms, are written using the CTL (Color Transform Language) programming language. It’s also possible to utilize different IDTs to compensate for different camera settings that might have been used.

ACES Look Transform (aka: LMT or Look Modification Transform)

The first part of what’s known as the ACES Viewing Transform (the Viewing Transform is a combination of LMT, RRT, & ODT transforms). LMTs provide a way to apply a look in a similar way to a Look Up Table (LUT). It’s important to note that the LMT happens after color grading of ACES data. Also, not every tool supports the use of LMTs.

RRT (Reference Rendering Transform)

Think of the RRT as the render engine component of ACES. The RRT converts scene referred linear data to an ultrawide display-referred data set. The RRT works in combo with the ODT to create viewable data for displays and projectors. While the Academy publishes the standard RRT, some applications have the ability to use customized RRTs (written with CTL). But many color correction systems do not provide direct access to the RRT.

ACES Output Transform (also known as the ODT or Output Device Transform)

The final step in the ACES processing pipeline is the ODT. This takes the high dynamic range data from the RRT and transforms it for different devices and color spaces. Like P3 or Rec 709, 2020, etc. Like IDTs and RRTs, ODTs are written with CTL.

Derivative Standards

Source: Why Every Editor, Colorist, and VFX Artist Needs to Understand ACES

There are also three main subsets of ACES used for finishing workflows called ACEScc, ACEScct and ACEScg:

• ACEScc uses logarithmic color encoding and has the advantage of making color grading tools feel much more like they do when working in a log space that many colorists prefer.
• ACEScct is just like ACEScc, but adds a ‘toe’ to the encoding. This means that lift operations respond similarly to traditional log film scans. This quasi-logarithmic behavior is described as being more milky, or foggier. ACEScct was added with the ACES 1.03 specification. It’s meant as an alternative to ACEScc based on the feedback of many colorists.
• ACEScg utilizes linear color encoding and is designed for VFX/CGI artists so their tools behave more traditionally.

The ACES Pipeline

Source: Why Every Editor, Colorist, and VFX Artist Needs to Understand ACES

Now that we’ve defined the transforms used for ACES, understanding how the various transforms combine to form an ACES processing pipeline is pretty straightforward:

Camera Data -> Input Transform -> Color Grading -> Look Transform (optional) -> Reference Rendering Transform -> Output Transform

As mentioned, ACES is a hybrid color management system of scene referred/scene linear and display referred data.

Source: Why Every Editor, Colorist, and VFX Artist Needs to Understand ACES

Source: COLOUR MANAGEMENT BASICS

Source: COLOUR MANAGEMENT BASICS

Source: COLOUR MANAGEMENT BASICS

Source: COLOUR MANAGEMENT BASICS/Autodesk

Color Throttle

Because of bottlenecks in hardware and software, the color captured during the image/video capture process does not flow in its entirty to the displays of the users. Use of hardware and color spaces used during production process determines the output displayed. Color is thus throttled.

Color Throttle when using REC 709 Color Space

Image Source: BT.2020: How the Newest Color Range Standard Maximizes 4K Video Quality

Color Throttle when using REC 2020 Color Space

Image Source: BT.2020: How the Newest Color Range Standard Maximizes 4K Video Quality

Human Visual Dynamic Range Vs REC 2020 Range

Source: BT.2020: How the Newest Color Range Standard Maximizes 4K Video Quality

Source:

Softwares used in Post Production in Digital Video and Cinema

Source: digitalfilmpro.com

Video Editing Software and Hardware

• Non Linear Editor
  • Avid Media Composer
  • Adobe Premiere Pro
  • Final Cut Pro
  • DaVinci Resolve – color correction plus NLE
  • Vegas Pro
• Digital Audio Workstation
  • Avid Pro Tools
  • Apple Logic Pro X
  • Ableton Live 9
  • Cakewalk Sonar
  • Adobe Audition
• Close-Captioning and Subtitling
  • Aegisub
  • NLEs
• Edit Workstation
  • Edit Computer
  • Audio Equipment
  • File Sharing
    • KVM Extender
  • Editing Keyboard
  • Desk Chair
• Digital Audio Transcipts

Creative Apps

• RV
• Adobe After Effects
• Adobe Premiere Pro
• SideFX Houdini
• Unreal Engine
• Unity
• Perforce Helix Core
• Adobe Creative Cloud
• Adobe Illustrator
• Autodesk 3DS Max
• Autodesk Maya
• Autodesk RV
• Cinesync
• Connect
• Deadline
• Foundry Hiero
• Foundry Hiero Player
• Foundry Nuke
• Foundry Nuke Studio
• Maxon Cinema 4D

Free Video Editing Tools

• DaVinci Resolve
• Lightworks
• HitFilm Express
• Avid Media Composer First
• iMovie

Free Video Production Software Tools

• Audacity – multitrack audio recorder
• Ardour – DAW
• GIMP- image editing
• Blender – 3D Creation
• Nuke Studio – Compositor – Node Based visual FX (VFX), editing, and finishing Studio
• Blackmagic Fusion – Full feaured Compositor – Motion Graphics

3D Rendering Softwares

• Unity
• 3Ds Max Design
• Maya
• Cinema 4D
• Blender
• Keyshot
• V-Ray
• Lumion
• SOLIDWORKS Visualize
• Direct 3D
• RenderMan
• Redshift
• Octane Render
• Arnold
• Maxwell

Color Management in Applications

Source: DISPLAY CALIBRATION & COLOR MANAGEMENT

Cameras for Video

Budget Cinema Cameras

• Black Magic Pocket Cinema Camera
• Black Magic Pocket Camera 4K
• Z Cam E2C 4K Cine Camera MFT
• Panasonic GH5

Best Cameras for Videographers

Source: Best cameras for videographers/DPREVIEW.COM

Published Nov 24, 2020

• Panasonic Lumix DC – S1H
• Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5
• Canon EOS R6
• Fujifilm X-T4
• Nikon Z6
• Nikon Z6 II
• Panasonic Lumix Dc-GH5S
• Sigma fp
• Sony a7S III

Best 4K and 6K Cameras for Film making

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0muduTpveM&t=244s

• Sony Alpha a7 III
• Panasonic Lumix GH5S
• Sony PXW FSM2
• Panasonic Lumix S1H
• Blackmagic Pocket Cinema 6K
• Canon EOS C300 Mark II
• Panasonic AU-EVA1
• Blackmagic Design URSA Mini Pro G2
• Sony PXW FS9
• Canon C500 Mark II

Best Camcorders for Videographers

Source: Youtube

• Panasonic HC-X2000
• Sony PXW-Z280
• Canon XA55
• Panasonic AG-CX10
• JVC GY-HC500U
• Sony PXW-Z90
• Panasonic HC-X1
• Canon XF 705
• JVC GY-HM250
• Sony FDR -AX700

My Related Posts

Digital Color and Imaging

On Light, Vision, Appearance, Color and Imaging

Key Sources of Research

Why Every Editor, Colorist, and VFX Artist Needs to Understand ACES

https://blog.frame.io/2019/09/09/guide-to-aces/

Working with ACES in DaVinci Resolve

Oliver Peters

https://digitalfilms.wordpress.com/2020/10/02/working-with-aces-in-davinci-resolve/

Color Management and ACES Workflow

https://www.reddit.com/r/colorists/comments/etkev2/i_finally_understood_color_management_and_aces/

CG Cinematography

https://chrisbrejon.com/cg-cinematography/chapter-1-5-academy-color-encoding-system-aces/

The Pointer’s Gamut
The coverage of real surface colors by RGB color spaces and wide gamut displays

Kid Jansen, Updated 19 February 2014

https://www.tftcentral.co.uk/articles/pointers_gamut.htm

ACES: Where Are We Now?

by Geoff Smith on August 14, 2020

https://www.abelcine.com/articles/blog-and-knowledge/tutorials-and-guides/aces-where-are-we-now

What is 4K, UHD, SLog3, Rec 2020

And other really boring things.

Compiled By Peter Morrone

http://petermorrone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/HDR.pdf

BT.2020: How the Newest Color Range Standard Maximizes 4K Video Quality

BenQ

2020/05/29

https://www.benq.com/en-us/knowledge-center/knowledge/bt2020.html

Color Spaces in Visual Effects

https://z-fx.nl/ColorspACES.pdf

Color Spaces

February 15, 2019

https://ciechanow.ski/color-spaces/

Chapter 1 Color Management

https://chrisbrejon.com/cg-cinematography/chapter-1-color-management/

Color Spaces / MAYA/Autodesk

https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2020/ENU/Maya-Rendering/files/GUID-4410C27C-BB49-491B-AD13-14F48A8CCAAE-htm.html

Elle Stone’s Well-Behaved ICC Profiles and Code

https://ninedegreesbelow.com/photography/lcms-make-icc-profiles.html

ACES Workflow

https://vimeo.com/325778922

Common Color Spaces

Color for Motion Pictures and Games

From Design to Display

• Haarm-Pieter Duiker
• Alex Forsythe
• Stefan Luka
• Thomas Mansencal
• Jeremy Selan
• Kevin Shaw
• Nick Shaw

A VES Technology Committee White Paper
2019

https://nick-shaw.github.io/cinematiccolor/common-rgb-color-spaces.html

Cinematic Color From Your Monitor to the Big Screen

A VES Technology Committee White Paper Oct 17, 2012

https://www.cgw.com/documents/WHITEPAPERS/VESCinematicColor.pdf

Color Enhancement and Rendering in Film and Game Production: Color Management

Joseph Goldstone Lilliputian Pictures LLC

http://renderwonk.com/publications/s2010-color-course/goldstone/final_course_notes_sg_2010_goldstone.pdf

COLOR CORRECTION HANDBOOK:
Professional Techniques for Video and Cinema

Second Edition 

Alexis Van Hurkman

Peachpit Press http://www.peachpit.com

Colour Appearance Issues in Digital Video, HD/UHD, and D‐cinema

Charles Poynton

http://poynton.ca/PDFs/Poynton-2018-PhD.pdf

Understanding Color Management,

Second Edition

• Abhay Sharma

First published:18 July 2018

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119223702

COLOR MANAGEMENT WITH CINEMA

Red

https://www.red.com/red-101/cinema-color-management

Digital Color Management

Encoding Solutions

Giorgianni, Edward J / Madden, Thomas E

The Basics of High Dynamic Range Media Explained [u]

Posted on July 27, 2019 by Larry

https://larryjordan.com/articles/the-basics-of-high-dynamic-range-hdr-media-explained/

Understanding 4K, Ultra HD and HDR

Sony

https://pro.sony/s3/cms-static-content/file/15/1237494951415.pdf

COLOUR REPRODUCTION IN ELECTRONIC IMAGING SYSTEMS

PHOTOGRAPHY, TELEVISION, CINEMATOGRAPHY

Michael S Tooms

Digital Camera Reviews and Sensor Performance Summary

by Roger N. Clark

https://clarkvision.com/imagedetail/digital.sensor.performance.summary/

How to Use Dynamic Range for Stunning Photos in Bright Light

https://expertphotography.com/dynamic-range/

2 CCD , 3 CCD cameras, 4 CCD and 3 CMOS Cameras

http://www.adept.net.au/cameras/2CCD_3CCD_Cameras.shtml

CCD Sensors, Albert Einstein, and the Photoelectric Effect

https://www.radiantvisionsystems.com/blog/ccd-sensors-albert-einstein-and-photoelectric-effect

Color Management for Photographers – A Simplified Guide

https://www.viewsonic.com/library/photography/color-management-guide/

Camera Sensor Sizes Explained: What You Need to Know

https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/camera-sensor-size/

Reading 15: Color

http://web.mit.edu/6.813/www/sp18/classes/15-color/

The Fundamentals of Camera and Image Sensor Technology

Jon Chouinard

https://www.visiononline.org/userassets/aiauploads/file/cvp_the-fundamentals-of-camera-and-image-sensor-technology_jon-chouinard.pdf

Understanding color & the in-camera image processing pipeline for computer vision

Dr. Michael S. Brown

https://www.eecs.yorku.ca/~mbrown/ICCV19_Tutorial_MSBrown.pdf

Digital Image Sensors

https://www.sensorland.com/HowPage090.html

Color Spaces, Log and Gamma

https://vfxstudy.com/tutorials/lesson/3-4-color-spaces-log-and-gamma/

LOG COLOR IN-DEPTH

Renderstory

http://renderstory.com/log-color-in-depth/

Exploring the Basic Concepts of HDR: Dynamic Range, Gamma Curves, and Wide Color Gamut

Abhay Sharma

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/msid.1060

Understanding RGB Color Spaces for Monitors, Projectors, and Televisions

Abhay Sharma

First published: 26 March 2019

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/msid.1020

UHDTV – HDR and WCG

Understanding UHDTV Displays with PQ/HLG HDR, and WCG

https://www.lightspace.lightillusion.com/uhdtv.html

Color Management

https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/render/color_management.html

Color Space Management: sRGB, Linear and Log

https://tiberius-viris.artstation.com/blog/3ZBO/color-space-management-srgb-linear-and-log

GAMMA AND LINEAR SPACE – WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY DIFFER

https://www.kinematicsoup.com/news/2016/6/15/gamma-and-linear-space-what-they-are-how-they-differ

Are S-Log and Color Space separate things?

https://www.reddit.com/r/videography/comments/9r82ag/are_slog_and_color_space_separate_things/

Understanding Log and Color Space In Compositing

https://www.rocketstock.com/blog/tips-for-log-color-space-compositing/

RENDER COLOR SPACES

23 JUNE 2016

Anders Langlands

https://www.colour-science.org/anders-langlands/

Understanding High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging by Curtis Clark, ASC 

A Cinematographer Perspective

https://cms-assets.theasc.com/curtis-clark-asc-understanding-high-dynamic-range.pdf?mtime=20180502122857

Color Science Fundamentals in Motion Imaging

March 14, 2019 01:00 PM

https://www.smpte.org/events/color-science-fundamentals-in-motion-imaging

What is RAW Development?

https://silkypix.isl.co.jp/en/how-to/basics/what-is-raw-development/

Colour Management Basics

Autodesk Feb 2020

https://cdn.website-editor.net/fadc337c179849dfa6e960a3dfb23d5e/files/uploaded/Colour_Management_Basics_XTFX_Feb_2020_v1.pdf

The Best Rendering Software for CG Lighting for Animation

by Tina Lee | Feb 14, 2019

https://academyofanimatedart.com/the-best-rendering-software-for-cg-lighting-for-animation/

C. A. Bouman: Digital Image Processing

January 7, 2020

https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/ece637/notes/pdf/ColorSpaces.pdf

The Essential Guide to Color Spaces

Cullen Kelly

https://blog.frame.io/2020/02/03/color-spaces-101/

Dell Color Management Software

User Manual

https://downloads.dell.com/manuals/all-products/esuprt_electronics_accessories/esuprt_electronics_accessories_monitors/dell-up2720q-monitor_user%27s-guide2_en-us.pdf

Adjusting for the Scene Adopted White

https://www.imaging.org/site/PDFS/Papers/1999/PICS-0-42/1018.pdf

White Point Conversion

https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2016/ENU/Maya/files/GUID-2C925F6A-5A9C-4B2B-B732-90F4C3D2EB49-htm.html

A Complex Color Management Example

https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2016/ENU/Maya/files/GUID-7D579180-1E60-43DD-BB9C-0C00D1968F53-htm.html

Common Color Management Scenarios

https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2016/ENU/Maya/files/GUID-B2CD60E0-C100-45A4-9595-84D2DF98B268-htm.html

A Conversation about White Point and Digital Displays [Interview]

https://www.nanolumens.com/blog/an-imaginary-conversation-about-white-point-and-digital-displays/

Gamma and White Point Explained: How to Calibrate Your Monitor

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/symbiartic/how-to-calibrate-your-monitor/

Why is the media white point of a display profile always D50?

http://www.color.org/whyd50.xalter

Colour Management for Video Editors

https://jonnyelwyn.co.uk/film-and-video-editing/colour-management-for-video-editors/

Display Calibration & Color Management

https://www.mysterybox.us/blog/2017/9/7/display-calibration-color-management

Color Communication

https://www.paragon-sci.com/pub/media/pdf_files/COLOUR%20COMMUNICATION.pdf

How does a digital camera sensor work?

https://medium.com/tech-update/how-does-a-digital-camera-sensor-work-1342974250fd