Frames in Interaction
Key Terms
- Interaction
- Frames
- Frames in Interaction
- Cognitive Frames
- Media Frames
- Audience Frame
- Multiple Frames
- Ambiguity
- Uncertainty
- Unpredictability
- Incomplete Knowledge
- Frame Production
- Frame Alignment
- Dialectics
- Dialogical Interaction
- Learning
- Individual Learning
- Social Learning
- Agenda Setting
- Priming
Interacting Frames
- Frames in Interaction
- Interaction as a cause of frame production, reflection, learning and frame alignment.
- Competing Frames
- Differing perspectives on a current issue. Contesting and competing.
- Frames of Possibilities
- Farmes of possible future due to uncertainty. Scenarios of future states.
- Media Frames and Audience frames
- Dielectics between media frames and audience frames
Frames – Sociological and Psychological
Source: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN FRAMING THEORY: A Systematic Examination of a Decade’s Literature
Conceptually, framing can be said to have two broad foundations—sociological (Entman, 1991; Gamson & Modigliani, 1987; Gitlin, 1980; Goffman, 1974) and psychological (Domke, Shah, & Wackman, 1998; Iyengar, 1991; Kahneman & Tversky, 1984). Framing research that grew from sociological foundations refers to the ‘‘frames in communication’’ (Chong & Druckman, 2007b, p. 106). In general, this research tends to focus on the ‘‘words, images, phrases, and presentation styles’’ (Druckman, 2001, p. 227) that are used to construct news stories and the processes that shape this construction.
Goffman (1974) was one of the first scholars to have developed the general concept of framing. As such, frames help people organize what they see in everyday life. Goffman calls frames the ‘‘schemata of interpretation,’’ a framework that helps in making an otherwise meaningless succession of events into something meaningful (p. 21). Gitlin (1980) defines frames as devices that facilitate how journalists organize enormous amounts of information and package them effectively for their audiences. He sees frames as ‘‘persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion,’’ organizing the information for both the journalists and their audiences (p. 7). According to Entman (1993), framing involves selection and salience—‘‘to frame is to select some aspects of perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described’’ (p. 52). Framing could have significant connotations as frames highlight some aspects of reality while excluding other elements, which might lead individuals to interpret issues differently.
Besides examining media frames, researchers have most enthusiastically studied the processes involved in the formation of the audience frame. There is much research that demonstrates how news framing influences information processing and the subsequent decision-making processes. Kahneman and Tversky (1979, 1984) were the first to demonstrate how different presentations of essentially the same information can have an impact on people’s choices. They found that individuals were inclined to take risks when ‘‘losses’’ are highlighted. But when the same information is presented in terms of ‘‘gains,’’ individuals shy away from risks. This approach, called ‘‘equivalency’’ (Druckman, 2001, p. 228), examines the influence of different but logically equivalent messages. In this approach, all factual and stylistic elements are comparable so that the pure influence of the frame can be observed. The ‘‘equivalency’’ perspective draws extensively on the experiments of risk-gain research (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979, 1984).
The ‘‘emphasis’’ (Druckman, 2001, p. 230) approach to framing demonstrates that accentuating certain considerations in a message can influence individuals to focus on those particular considerations. Scholars (Domke et al., 1998; Iyengar, 1991; McLeod & Detenber, 1999; Nelson, Clawson, & Oxley, 1997; Valkenburg, Semetko, & de Vreese, 1999) aligned to this interpretation of framing maintain that it is not always possible to manipulate a frame without changing some of the facts. Druckman (2004) aptly points out that in many cases, especially with political issues, there is not always a way to present a situation in different but equivalent ways. Instead, emphasis framing effects refer to situations when, by ‘‘emphasizing a subset of potentially relevant considerations,’’ individuals are led to focus on these considerations in the decision-making process (Druckman, 2004, p. 672). Thus, for political issues the concept of framing usually refers to ‘‘characterizations’’ of a course of action where a central idea provides meaning to the event (Sniderman & Theriault, 2004, p. 136). It is within ‘‘emphasis’’ framing that scholars have again differentiated frames—episodic versus thematic (Iyengar, 1991); strategy versus issue (Cappella & Jamieson, 1997); in terms of values (Brewer & Gross, 2005; Shah et al., 1996) to name a few.
The dual nature of framing research—frames in the news versus frames in the individuals’ minds—is evident. Scholars have examined both areas of literature in the past decades.
Frame competition
Source: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN FRAMING THEORY: A Systematic Examination of a Decade’s Literature
Moreover, in previous experimental research, scholars have focused largely on how different frames can affect the audiences’ attitudes, their learning, or political behavior. These studies have mainly focused on the difference of framing effects in single frame conditions, for instance, strategic versus value framing, loss versus gain, or episodic versus thematic (Iyengar, 1987, 1991; Nelson, Clawson, et al., 1997; Shah et al., 1996). However, there has been little research on the effects of multiple frame conditions, where the same subjects get alternative frames of an issue (Shah, Kwak, Schmierbach, & Zubric, 2004; Sniderman & Theriault, 2004). In general ‘‘the role of multiple competing frames has gone largely unexplored’’ (Chong & Druckman, 2007a, p. 101).
To be able to capture what actually happens in politics, ‘‘it is necessary to have an additional condition in framing experiments, in which opposing frames are presented together’’ (Sniderman & Theriault, 2004, p. 146). The authors consider ‘‘ambivalence’’ as key for framing effects (p. 137). They argue that the very nature of politics requires choices to be made between competing values. So value conflict is critical to the link between issue framing and political judgment. As such, the present study examined the published literature for the presence of studies exploring mixed frames.
Frames, Frame Effects, and Multiple Frames in Interaction
Sources: Toward a Relational Concept of Uncertainty: about Knowing Too Little, Knowing Too Differently, and Accepting Not to Know
Framing research has important roots in the work on cognitive biases and decision heuristics (Tversky and Kahneman 1981, De Martino et al. 2006). From this perspective, frames are representations of the external world, but these heuristic representations are biased when compared with accurate, decision theoretical representations (cf. Tversky and Kahneman 1981). This view has been adopted in classical decision-making theory, and served as a basis to study inconsistencies underlying judgment and choice (e.g., Kahneman and Tversky’s (1996) work on judgmental heuristics and limitations of intuitive choice). In this context, “framing effects” represent a violation of the standard economic account of human rationality. Having different formulations of what decision theory considers to be the same problem (in terms of expected utility) elicits different preferences: risk aversion can be encouraged by framing the situation in terms of gains, whereas risk seeking is encouraged by framing the situation in terms of losses (Tversky and Kahneman 1981). Although we do not share the assumption of the decision-heuristic approach that there is always a unique and correct decision theoretical formulation of a decision problem, this research does demonstrate that formulating a problem in a different way may elicit distinct decision preferences (Tversky and Kahneman 1981), affecting the meaning of and the importance attributed to uncertain information, and pointing toward different actions.
We understand frames as sense-making devices (Weick 1995) that mediate the interpretation of reality by adding meaning to a situation. The same situation can thus be framed in multiple, equally valid ways. For example, a situation of water shortage can be framed as a problem of “insufficient water supply” by one actor and, one of “excessive water consumption” by another. When a problem is framed as insufficient water supply, the most relevant uncertainties will be those associated with the amount of water available, and technical solutions that help avoiding water shortage can be favored (e.g., adopt a more efficient irrigation technology, Koundouri et al. 2006). However, when the problem is framed as an excessive water consumption issue, other solutions can be considered, such as changing the way in which water is used and consumed (e.g., diversification of crops). In this case, uncertainties associated with how society will react to a change in land use, or policies that stimulate the change (e.g., Common Agricultural Policy) will be the most important. In this way, frames significantly affect how meaning is inferred and how a situation is understood, serving to define a problem relative to core values and assumptions and to determine how to respond to it (Nisbet and Mooney 2007).
There have been two main approaches to framing research, namely, a cognitive approach where frames are defined as “cognitive representations,” and an interactional approach where frames are defined as “interactional co-constructions” (an in-depth comparison of both approaches can be found in Dewulf et al. (2008)). The cognitive approach has focused on frames as knowledge structures. It is based on the idea that frames are memory structures that help us organize and interpret incoming perceptual information by fitting it into pre-existing categories about reality (Minsky 1975). In contrast, the interactional approach focuses on how parties negotiate frame alignments in interactions. It considers frames as communicative devices, that is interactional alignments or co-constructions that are negotiated and produced in the ongoing interaction through “metacommunication” that indicates how a situation should be understood. From this perspective, frames are co-constructions of the meaning of the external world. This view has been adopted in multiparty collaborations and is exemplified in Dewulf et al. (2004) and Putnam and Holmer (1992).
Here, we adopt an interactional approach, where framing is defined as the process through which the meaning of a situation is negotiated among different actors (Putnam and Holmer 1992, Gray 2003a, Dewulf et al. 2004). Thus, framing is thought to be an interactive process where actors are engaged in developing an understanding of problems and alternative solutions. It is through the joint activities of framing, and reframing, that the actors can arrive at a joint problem definition. From this social experience, a common language and a new sense of community can emerge, opening up possibilities for further creativity and developments, and fostering learning and change (Bouwen 2001).
In our definition of uncertainty, we incorporate the concept of multiple frames, in order to capture the difference among multiple forms of knowledge. We consider each frame to represent a potentially valid view of a situation, reflecting the viewpoint of a particular community of practice (Bouwen 2001). Under the rationale of an interactional approach to framing research, we acknowledge the social processing of uncertain information and capture the interactions among actors during deliberative processes of framing and reframing. However, during these processes, encountering multiple frames that are incompatible is unavoidable, and results in ambiguity about the meaning and importance attributed to uncertain information.
Next, we discuss and describe some of the implications of ambiguity in the conceptualization of uncertainty.
Source: Towards a relational concept of uncertainty: Incorporating the human dimension
Source: Towards a relational concept of uncertainty: Incorporating the human dimension
Source: More is not always better: Coping with ambiguity in natural resources management
Strategies for dealing with Multiple Knowledge Frames
Source: Towards a relational concept of uncertainty: Incorporating the human dimension
Multiple or conflicting views about how to understand the system often represent different kinds of knowledge that are difficult to reconcile or integrate. The incompatibility in frames may result from different scientific backgrounds, from differences between context-specific experiential knowledge and general expert knowledge, from different societal positions of ideological backgrounds, and so forth.
In relational terms, actor A has a certain knowledge relation to phenomenon X, and actor B has a different knowledge relation to the same phenomenon X. In these kind of situations, relevant strategies address the relation between A and B and have something to do with dealing with differences.
We draw on a Table (Table 2) from Bouwen, Dewulf & Craps (2006) to give an overview of relevant strategies to deal with multiple knowledge frames.
Action Principle | Accept. ofInterde- pendence | ProcessCharac- teristics | Possible Outcomes | ContextContingen- cies | |
Persuasive Communic ationApproach | Persuasion | Moderate | Exposure to persuasion | Adoption or imitation | Unequal involvement or competence |
Dialogical LearningApproach | Mutual Interactive Learning | High | Joint discovery and exchange | Mutual understandi ng and synergy | Shared involvement |
Negotiation Approach | Tit for that, deal making | High/ moderate | Negotiation tactical phases | Fair deal, settlement | Calculative involvement |
Opposition al Modes ofAction | cold or hot conflict | Low or negation | Keeping distance or escalation | Freeze or dominance | Mutual negation or fight |
Table 2. Strategies to deal with multiple frames
The first strategy can be called the persuasive communication approach. This consists of trying to convince others of your own frame of reference, not by imposing it but by presenting it as attractive and worthwhile. This strategy is successful if others can be convinced to adopt your own frame of reference.
The second strategy is the dialogical learning approach, where the aim is to understand each other’s frames better through open dialogue and encourage learning on all sides. The literature on participation, organizational learning and consensual group decision making documents extensively this approach (Argyris and Schön, 1978; Wenger, 1998). The emphasis is on the interactive nature and reciprocal quality of the communication. Actors engage with each other as equally valuable partners and inclusion of all actors is the overall goal.
The negotiation approach aims at reaching a mutually beneficial and integrative agreement which makes sense from multiple perspectives or frames. Theories of conflict in organizations deal extensively with these negotiation strategies. Actors engage in a mutual calculative information sharing and positioning strategy. They develop alternative packages for giving and taking to come to a balanced sharing of positives and negatives. The negotiation can have a dominantly ‘integrating’ quality when both actors develop in common some synergetic win-win outcomes. The negotiation can rather be ‘distributive’ when the actors take a win-loose position and they distribute equally profits and gains in an antagonistic way.
The fourth strategy is the oppositional mode. When parties have a history of rivalry for resources or they don’t have any history of collaboration, taking or holding distance is likely. In conflict theory the distinction is made between cold and hot conflict. Cold conflict means that there is no recognition of mutual interdependence and distancing from each other is a dominant mode of operating. Hot conflict refers to heated opposition as a result of an adversarial experience of the mutual interdependency. Parties try by force a strategy to change the power difference in the relationship. When it comes to some form of collaboration, parties will move their strategy in the direction of a negotiation approach.
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Key Sources of Research
Framing mechanisms: the interpretive policy entrepreneur’s toolbox,
Ewert Aukes, Kris Lulofs & Hans Bressers (2017):
Critical Policy Studies, DOI: 10.1080/19460171.2017.1314219
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2017.1314219
“From Interactions to Institutions: Microprocesses of Framing and Mechanisms for the Structuring of Institutional Fields”
Gray, Barbara; Purdy, Jill M.; and Ansari, Shahzad (Shaz),
(2015). Business Publications. 79. https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/business_pub/79
Contrasting frames in policy debates on climate change adaptation
Art Dewulf∗
Issue Framing in Conversations for Change: Discursive Interaction Strategies for “Doing Differences”
Art Dewulf1 and René Bouwen2
The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science XX(X) 1–26 2012
Deliberating Our Frames: How Members of Multi‑Stakeholder Initiatives Use Shared Frames to Tackle Within‑Frame Conflicts Over Sustainability Issues
Angelika Zimmermann1 · Nora Albers2 · Jasper O. Kenter3
Received: 11 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 March 2021
Journal of Business Ethics
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04789-1
Disentangling approaches to framing in conflict and negotiation research:
A meta-paradigmatic perspective
Art Dewulf, Barbara Gray, Linda Putnam, Roy Lewicki,
Noelle Aarts, Rene Bouwen and Cees van Woerkum
Human Relations
DOI: 10.1177/0018726708100356
Volume 62(2): 155–193 Copyright © 2009
Toward a Relational Concept of Uncertainty: about Knowing Too Little, Knowing Too Differently, and Accepting Not to Know
Marcela Brugnach 1, Art Dewulf 2, Claudia Pahl-Wostl and Tharsi Taillieu 3
1Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, 2Public Administration and Policy Group, Wageningen University, 3Center for Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art30/
Ambiguity: the challenge of knowing and deciding together
M. Brugnach a,*, H. Ingram b,c
a Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands b Southwest Center, University of Arizona, United States
c School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, United States
environmental science & policy 15 (2012) 60–71
Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication
Pages 297-316 | Published online: 17 Nov 2009
Mass Communication and Society
Volume 3, 2000 – Issue 2-3
Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models
Dietram A. Scheufele1 & David Tewksbury2
1 Department of Life Sciences Communication and School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
2 Department of Speech Communication and Department of Political Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
Framing as a Theory of Media Effects
by Dietram A. Scheufele
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.958.1933&rep=rep1&type=pdf
The End of Framing as we Know it . . . and the Future of Media Effects
Michael A. Cacciatore
Department of Advertising and Public Relations University of Georgia
Dietram A. Scheufele
Department of Life Sciences Communication University of Wisconsin and Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania
Shanto Iyengar
Department of Communication and Department of Political Science Stanford University
Mass Communication and Society, 19:7–23, 2016
The State of Framing Research: A Call for New Directions
Dietram A. Scheufele and Shanto Iyengar
The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson
Subject: Political Science, Political Methodology, Political Behavior
Online Publication Date: Oct 2014 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.47
News Framing Theory and Research
David Tewksbury and Dietram A. Scheufele
Social Movements
An Insider’s Critique of the Social Movement Framing Perspective”
Robert D. Benford, University of Nebrasku- Lincoln
Framing Social Interaction. Continuities and Cracks in Goffman’s Frame Analysis
- August 2018
- ISBN: 9781315582931
Authors:
MICROFOUNDATIONS OF FRAMING: THE INTERACTIONAL PRODUCTION OF COLLECTIVE ACTION FRAMES IN THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT
Juliane Reinecke
King’s Business School,
King’s College London, Bush House, 30 Aldwych London, WC2B 4BG United Kingdom
Phone: +44 20 7848 8753 Email: juliane.reinecke@kcl.ac.uk
Shahzad (Shaz) Ansari
Judge Business School University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 1AG United Kingdom Phone: +44 1223 768 128 Email: s.ansari@jbs.cam.ac.uk
Forthcoming in the Academy of Management Journal, Published Online: 1 Apr 2020
https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.1063
Are Logics Enough? Framing as an Alternative Tool for Understanding Institutional Meaning Making
Jill Purdy
Milgard School of Business University of Washington Tacoma
Shaz Ansari
Cambridge Judge Business School University of Cambridge
Barbara Gray
Smeal College of Business The Pennsylvania State University
Priming and Framing
Chapter 13 in Book
The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology
edited by Wayne H. Brekhus, Gabe Ignatow
Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming
David H. Weaver
School of Journalism, University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN 47405
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.473.4056&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power
Robert M. Entman
School of Media and Public Affairs, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
Click to access Media%20and%20framing%20bias.pdf
A Failure to Communicate: Agenda Setting in Media and Policy Studies,
Michelle Wolfe , Bryan D. Jones & Frank R. Baumgartner (2013)
Political Communication, 30:2, 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2012.737419
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737419
Media Effects Theory
PORISMITA BORAH
Washington State University, USA
The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication, First Edition. Edited by Gianpietro Mazzoleni. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DOI: 10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc156
Attribute agenda setting, priming and the media’s influence on how to think about a controversial issue
Sei-Hill Kim
University of South Carolina, USA
Miejeong Han
Hanyang University, South Korea
Doo-Hun Choi
University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Jeong-Nam Kim
Purdue University, USA
the International Communication Gazette 74(1) 43–59 a 2012
DOI: 10.1177/1748048511426991
A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments
Dennis Chong & James N. Druckman
Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
POLITICAL COMMUNICATION EFFECTS
Douglas M. McLeod University of Wisconsin-Madison
Gerald M. Kosicki The Ohio State University
Jack M. McLeod University of Wisconsin-Madison
Chapter in Book MEDIA EFFECTS Advances in Theory and Research Third Edition
FRAMING THEORY
Dennis Chong and James N. Druckman
Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; email: dchong@northwestern.edu; druckman@northwestern.edu
Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2007. 10:103–26
doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
Conceptual Issues in Framing Theory:
A Systematic Examination of a Decade’s Literature
Porismita Borah
School of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
Disentangling approaches to framing in conflict and negotiation research:
A meta-paradigmatic perspective
Art Dewulf, Barbara Gray, Linda Putnam, Roy Lewicki,
Noelle Aarts, Rene Bouwen and Cees van Woerkum
Human Relations 2009
DOI: 10.1177/0018726708100356
Volume 62(2): 155–193
Towards a relational concept of uncertainty: Incorporating the human dimension
Brugnach, M.1; A. Dewulf 2; C. Pahl-Wostl 1 and T. Taillieu 3
1. Universität Osnabrück, Germany
2. Wageningen University, The Netherlands
3. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Contact author: Marcela Brugnach, mbrugnac@usf.uos.de
Social Learning and Water Resources Management
Author(s): Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Marc Craps, Art Dewulf, Erik Mostert, David Tabara and Tharsi Taillieu
Source: Ecology and Society , Dec 2007, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Dec 2007) Published by: Resilience Alliance Inc.
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26267868
AN OVERVIEW OF INTEGRAL ECOLOGY
A Comprehensive Approach to Today’s Complex Planetary Issues
Sean Esbjörn-Hargens Michael E. Zimmerman
The Variety of Integral Ecologies
Nature, Culture, and Knowledge in the Planetary Era
Sam Mickey – Editor
Sean Kelly – Editor
Adam Robbert – Editor
Mary Evelyn Tucker – Foreword by
SUNY series in Integral Theory
Release Date: June 2017
ISBN13: 978-1-4384-6527-2
Integrated management of natural resources: dealing with ambiguous issues, multiple actors and diverging frames
A. Dewulf*, M. Craps*, R. Bouwen*, T. Taillieu* and C. Pahl-Wostl**
*Center for Organizational and Personnel Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (E-mail: art.dewulf@psy.kuleuven.ac.be, marc.craps@psy.kuleuven.ac.be,rene.bouwen@psy.kuleuven.ac.be, tharsi.taillieu@psy.kuleuven.ac.be)
**Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabru ̈ck, Albrechtstrasse 28, Osnabru ̈ck, Germany (E-mail: pahl@usf.uni-osnabrueck.de)
Integral Ecology
UNITING MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES ON THE NATURAL WORLD
By SEAN ESBJORN-HARGENS, PH.D. and MICHAEL E. ZIMMERMAN, PH.D.
Foreword by Marc Bekoff
Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World
Sean Esbjörn-Hargens and Ken Wilber
March 25, 2009
Governance Capabilities for Dealing Wisely With Wicked Problems
Catrien J. A. M. Termeer1, Art Dewulf1, Gerard Breeman1, and Sabina J. Stiller1
Administration & Society XX(X) 1–31 © 2012
DOI: 10.1177/0095399712469195
More is not always better: Coping with ambiguity in natural resources management
M. Brugnach a, b, *, A. Dewulf c, H.J. Henriksen d, P. van der Keur d
a Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
b Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Germany c Public Administration and Policy Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands d Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark
Journal of Environmental Management xxx (2010) 1e7
Issue Framing in Conversations for Change: Discursive Interaction Strategies for “Doing Differences”
Art Dewulf1 and René Bouwen2
The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science XX(X) 1–26 2012
DOI: 10.1177/0021886312438858
Contrasting frames in policy debates on climate change adaptation
Art Dewulf∗
Defining Uncertainty A Conceptual Basis for Uncertainty Management in Model-Based Decision Support
W.E. WALKER1, P. HARREMO€EES2, J. ROTMANS3, J.P. VAN DER SLUIJS5, M.B.A. VAN ASSELT4,
P. JANSSEN6 AND M.P. KRAYER VON KRAUSS2
Integrated Assessment 1389-5176/03/0000-000
2003
The Constructionist Approach to Framing: Bringing Culture Back In
Baldwin Van Gorp
Department of Communication Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916