Tag: Global Production Networks

Accounting for Global Value Chains/Global Supply Chains

Accounting for Global Value Chains/Global Supply Chains

Source: Asian infrastructure finance 2021 : Sustaining global Value Chains

Key Terms

  • Global Value Chains
  • Global Supply Chains
  • Global Production Networks
  • Supply and Use Tables
  • Production and Trade Networks
  • Production and Distribution Planning
  • Supply Chain Management
  • Transparency in Networks
  • Cooperation in Networks
  • Collaboration in Networks
  • Net Chains
  • Risks
  • Resiliency
  • Fragility
  • Rebalancing
  • Reconfiguration
  • Networks
  • Contagion
  • Failure Cascades
  • Failure Avalanche
  • Spillovers
  • Supply Chain Disruption
  • Demand Collapse
  • Supply Collapse
  • Offshoring
  • Outsourcing
  • Strategic Coupling
  • Fragmentation of Production
  • Great Unbundling
  • Global Financial Crisis
  • COVID 19 Pandemic
  • SMILE Curve
  • Forward Propagation
  • Backword Propagation
  • Distributed Production
  • Ripple Effect
  • Bullwhip Effect
  • VAX ratio
  • Backward linkage
  • Forward linkage
  • GVC participation rate
  • GVC position index
  • GTAP
  • WIOD
  • ADB MRIO
  • UNCTAD EORA
  • Fragmentation
  • Disintegration of Production
  • Vertical Specialization
  • Global Sourcing
  • Trade in Value Added (TiVA)
  • Global Commodity Chains
  • Credit Chains
  • Payments Flows
  • Supply chain management
  • Supply chain resilience
  • Sustainable supply chain
  • Industry 4.0
  • Agility
  • Leanness
  • Digital twin
  • Reconfigurable supply chain
  • Average Production Length

Accounting and Measurement in Global Value Chains

Source: Handbook on Accounting for Global Value Chains

Meeting of the Expert Group on international trade and economic globalization statistics

Economic globalization has created new opportunities for businesses to organize their production chains more efficiently. This has increased the complexity of compiling economic statistics, as it is more difficult to break down production activities on a country-by-country basis. There is a need to understand the cross country benefits and risks by being able to “look through” the global firms in the global value chains (GVCs) and see their contributions in the production networks of resident enterprises in multiple countries. These emerging global production arrangements pose challenges to macroeconomic and business statistics, including the supporting business registers. The challenges include the choice of the statistical unit, the classification of the (global value chain satellite) accounts, the implementation of the principle of economic control and ownership, and the recording of domestic and cross-border transactions and positions in national accounts and balance of payments statistics.

In its decision 46/107, the Statistical Commission established the Expert Group on International Trade and Economic Globalization Statistics to address these measurement challenges. The main task of the Expert Group is to develop a handbook that will account for the measurement of GVCs, as described in various reports to the Commission on this topic in the past five years. Both the GVC perspective and the perspective of the national data compiler are fundamental to understanding the composition of the handbook. However, with the realization of the cross-country impact of GVCs on the economic structure of partner countries, a multi-country perspective for those national industries that are included in major GVCs is encouraged in the handbook. 

The GVC approach builds on the integrated collection of business statistics from large global enterprises (across countries) for a select set of GVC-related economic activities, including trade in intermediate goods and services and foreign direct investments. In addition, inter-country supply and use tables, as well as inter-country input-output tables, can help to chart and understand relations at a macroeconomic level. To properly and correctly measure the cross-border statistics, some data-sharing with important economic partner countries may be necessary. The Commission also agreed with the development of a global enterprise group register to help national statisticians better understand business strategies and the relations between enterprises in various economies.

Source: Global Value Chain Analysis: Concepts and Approaches

What Are Global Value Chains?

Source: The impact of Covid-19 on global value chains

Source: Drivers and benefits of Enhancing participation in global Value Chains: Lessons for India

ManagEment and Governance of Global Value Chains

Source: Accounting for Global Value Chains:
Extended System of National Accounts and Integrated Business Statistics

Source: Global value chains: A review of the multi- disciplinary literature

Source: GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS IN THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY: ADVANTAGES, VULNERABILITIES, AND WAYS FOR ENHANCING RESILIENCE

Configuration, Reconfiguration, and Design of Supply Chains

  • Digital Supply Chain
  • Resilient Supply Chain
  • Efficient Supply Chain
  • Sustainable Supply Chain

Source: Reconfigurable supply chain: the X-network

Source: Reconfigurable supply chain: the X-network

Source: Reconfigurable supply chain: the X-network

Source: Reconfigurable supply chain: the X-network

Source: Reconfigurable supply chain: the X-network

RISKS AND RESILIENCY IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Source: Risk, resilience, and rebalancing in global value chains

Source: Reimagining industrial supply chains

Megatrends of International Production

  • Technology
  • Economic Governance
  • Sustainability
  • Unbundling/Rebundling
  • Outsourcing/Insourcing
  • Offshoring/Reshoring

Source: World Investment Report 2020 : International Production Beyond the Pandemic

At the start of a new decade, the global system of international production is experiencing a perfect storm, with the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic arriving on top of existing challenges arising from the new industrial revolution (NIR), growing economic nationalism and the sustainability imperative.

This year’s World Investment Report (WIR) comes in the midst of a global crisis. The coronavirus pandemic has forced governments around the world to implement strict measures to limit the spread of the virus, ranging from social distancing and closures of public spaces and offices to complete lockdowns. These measures have resulted in production stoppages and severe supply chain disruptions in most sectors, virtually complete closures of entire industries, and unprecedented demand shocks in almost all economies. The immediate impact on international production and cross-border investment has been severe, with delayed implementation of investment projects and the shelving of new projects, as well as the drying up of foreign affiliate earnings of which normally a significant share is reinvested in host countries. Longer term, the need for multinational enterprises (MNEs) to create more resilient supply chains, combined with greater pressure from governments and the public to increase national or regional autonomy in productive capacity, especially of essential (e.g. health care related) goods and services, will have a lasting effect on global production networks.

However, COVID-19 is not the only gamechanger for international production. International trade, investment and global value chains (GVCs) were already entering a period of transformation as a result of several “megatrends”. These megatrends emerged and gradually increased in intensity over the course of the last decade, contributing to the slowdown of international production. The megatrends driving the transformation of international production can be grouped under three main themes:

• Technology trends and the NIR. 

The application of new technologies in the supply chains of global MNEs has far-reaching consequences for the configuration of international production networks. This has already raised important concerns for policymakers, with the realization that growth will depend on promoting investment in new sectors and that structural transformation through the build-up of the manufacturing sector is becoming more difficult.

• Global economic governance trends. 

Fragmentation in international economic policymaking and especially in trade and investment policy is reflected in a shift away from multilateral cooperation towards regional and bilateral solutions and increased protectionism. It is compounded by systemic competition between economic powers, as well as by a general shift in national economic policymaking in many countries towards more regulation and intervention.page138image201587360

• Sustainable development trends. 

The implementation of a broad range of sustainability measures, including climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, in the global operations of MNEs and differential speeds in the adoption and implementation of rules, regulations and practices aimed at sustainability will have important implications for international production networks. The need to channel investment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will also affect patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI).

While the COVID-19-induced crisis is certainly a major challenge for international production on its own, it may also represent a tipping point, accelerating the effects of pre-existing megatrends. At the start of the new decade, due to the combined effect of the pandemic and existing trends reaching their boiling point, the system of international production finds itself in a “perfect storm” (figure IV.1). The decade to 2030 is likely to prove a decade of transformation.

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2020

Source: World Investment Report 2017

Source: World Investment Report 2017

Source: World Investment Report 2017

Source: Reimagining industrial supply chains

Source: Governance of global value chains after the Covid-19 pandemic: A new wave of regionalization?

Accounting For Global Carbon Emission Chains

Understanding Global Value Chains – G20/OECD/WB Initiative

Production Chain Length and Boundary Crossings in Global Value Chains

USA and China: What are Trade in Value Added (TiVA) Balances

Measuring Globalization: Global Multi Region Input Output Data Bases (G-MRIO)

Credit Chains and Production Networks

Balance Sheet Economics – Financial Input-Output Analysis (using Asset Liability Matrices) – Update March 2018

Trading Down: NAFTA, TPP, TATIP and Economic Globalization

Development of Global Trade and Production Accounts: UN SEIGA Initiative

The Collapse of Global Trade during Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009

Supply Chain Finance (SCF) / Financial Supply Chain Management (F-SCM)

Production and Distribution Planning : Strategic, Global, and Integrated

FDI vs Outsourcing: Extending Boundaries or Extending Network Chains of Firms

Resource Flows: Material Flow Accounting (MFA), Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), Input Output Networks and other methods

Towards the Circular Economy

Intra Industry Trade and International Production and Distribution Networks

Understanding Trade in Intermediate Goods

The Hidden Geometry of Trade Networks

Trends in Intra Firm Trade of USA

Economics of Trade Finance

Oscillations and Amplifications in Demand-Supply Network Chains

Quantitative Models for Closed Loop Supply Chain and Reverse Logistics

The Strength of Weak Ties

Relational Turn in Economic Geography

Regional Trading Blocs and Economic Integration

Wassily Leontief and Input Output Analysis in Economics

Classical roots of Interdependence in Economics

Key Sources of Research

GVCs

OECD

https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/global-value-chains.htm

Global Value Chains

Global Value Chains (GVC’s) WDR 2020

World Bank

https://wits.worldbank.org/gvc/global-value-chains.html

Handbook on Accounting for Global Value Chains

4th Meeting of the Expert Group on international trade and economic globalization statistics
Jointly organized by ISTAT and UNSD

Rome, Italy 7-9 May, 2018

https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/events/2018/rome/default.asp

Ist ITEGS Meeting

2016

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/events/2016/newyork-egm/default.asp

2nd ITEGS Meeting

2016

https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/events/2016/nov-newyork/default.asp

3rd ITEGS Meeting

2017

https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/events/2017/luxembourg/default.asp

Global Value Chain Development Report

BEYOND PRODUCTION

NOVEMBER 2021

WTO

Click to access gvcdevreport_bprod_e.pdf

Click to access 00_gvc_dev_report_2021_e.pdf

Global Value Chain Development Report

WTO 2019

https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/gvcd_report_19_e.htm

Global Value Chain Development Report

WTO 2017

Click to access gvcs_report_2017.pdf

Global value chain transformation to 2030: Overall direction and policy implications 

James Zhan, Richard Bolwijn, Bruno Casella, Amelia U. Santos-Paulino  13 August 2020

https://voxeu.org/article/global-value-chain-transformation-decade-ahead

Governance of global value chains after the Covid-19 pandemic: A new wave of regionalization?

José Pla-Barber1, Cristina Villar1 and Rajneesh Narula2

Business Research Quarterly 2021, Vol. 24(3) 204–213

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/23409444211020761

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23409444211020761

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Pol Antràs Davin Chor

Working Paper 28549

NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH

1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
March 2021

http://www.nber.org/papers/w28549

Click to access w28549.pdf

PART III
Global Value Chains

ADB

2021

Click to access part3-gvcs.pdf

https://www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2021

Gary Gereffi: How Research on Global Value Chains Can Help U.S. Competitiveness

August 9, 2021

Duke University

https://igs.duke.edu/news/gary-gereffi-how-research-global-value-chains-can-help-us-competitiveness

Determinants of Global Value Chain Participation: Cross-country Analysis

Click to access BanerjeeZeman_GVC-Chain_IEA-submission-1.pdf

Globalization in transition: The future of trade and value chains

January 16, 2019 | Report

MGI

By Susan Lund, James Manyika, Jonathan Woetzel, Jacques Bughin, Mekala Krishnan, Jeongmin Seong, and Mac Muir

https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/innovation-and-growth/globalization-in-transition-the-future-of-trade-and-value-chains

Global Value Chains – a Panacea for Development?

Author: Petra Dünhaupt & Hansjörg Herr

Working Paper, No. 165/2021

Berlin School of Economics and Law, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE)

Click to access ipe_working_paper_165__1_.pdf

The impact of Covid-19 on global value chains

Heli Simola

BOFIT Policy Brief 2/2021 14.01.2021

https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/bitstream/handle/123456789/17842/bpb0221.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Shifting Global Value Chains: The India Opportunity

WHITE PAPER

JUNE 2021

WEF

Click to access WEF_Shifting_Global_Value_Chains_2021.pdf

Rebuilding inclusive global value chains as Pathway to global economic Recovery

IsDB

Click to access GVC%20BOOK%20FINAL%20VERSION_06.06.2021.pdf

Risk, resilience and recalibration in global value chains

UNIDO

2020

https://iap.unido.org/articles/risk-resilience-and-recalibration-global-value-chains

Decoupling Global Value Chains*

Peter Eppinger University of Tübingen

Oliver Krebs University of Tübingen

Gabriel Felbermayr
Kiel Institute for the World Economy

Bohdan Kukharskyy City University of New York

February 15, 2021

Click to access eppinger.pdf

Shooting Oneself in the Foot? Trade War and Global Value Chains

Cecilia Bellora & Lionel Fontagné

No 2019-18 – April 20

Click to access cb_lf_tradewar.pdf

Efficiency and risks in global value chains in the context of COVID-19

Christine Arriola, Sophie Guilloux-Nefussi, Seung-Hee Koh, Przemyslaw Kowalski, Elena Rusticelli, Frank van Tongeren

OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1637

https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/3e4b7ecf-en

Click to access Efficiency-and-risks-in-global-value-chains-in-the-context-of-COVID-19.pdf

Managing Risks in Global Value Chains: Strengthening Resilience in the APEC Region

By Divya Sangaraju and Akhmad Bayhaqi

APEC Policy Support Unit POLICY BRIEF No. 37 December 2020

Click to access 220_PSU_Managing-Risks-in-GVC.pdf

UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain Database

https://worldmrio.com/unctadgvc/

Introduction to Accounting for Global Value Chains (GVCs) – GVC Satellite Accounts and Integrated Business Statistics

National Accounts Seminar for Latin America and the Caribbean 28-30 May 2019
Guatemala City, Guatemala

United Nations Statistics Division

Click to access introduction-accounting-gvcs-unsd-guatemala-2019.pdf

“Accounting for Globalisation: Frameworks for Integrated International Economic Accounts,” 

Nadim Ahmad, 2018.

NBER Chapters, in:  The Challenges of Globalization in the Measurement of National Accounts,

National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/challenges-globalization-measurement-national-accounts/accounting-globalisation-frameworks-integrated-international-economic-accounts

Improving the accounting frameworks for analyses of global value chains

Nadim Ahmad (OECD)

Chapter 8 of GVC Development Report 2019

WTO

Click to access gvc_dev_report_2019_e_ch8.pdf

MaPPing gLoBaL VaLUe CHainS

Koen De Backer and Sébastien Miroudot

Working Paper Series

no 1677 / May 2014

ECB

Click to access ecbwp1677.pdf

Accounting for Global Value Chains:
Extended System of National Accounts and Integrated Business Statistics

Ivo Havinga
United Nations Statistics Division

25th Conference of International Input-Output Association (IIOA) June 19-23, 2017
Atlantic City, NJ, USA

Click to access IIOA2017%20Keynote_IvoHavinga.pdf

WORLD KLEMS Initiative

http://www.worldklems.net/index.htm

Conceptual Aspects of Global Value Chains∗

 Pol Antràs

Harvard University February 4, 2020

Click to access conceptual_aspects_gvcs.pdf

Global Value Chain Analysis: Concepts and Approaches 

Lin Jones, Meryem Demirkaya, and Erika Bethmann

United States International Trade Commission

Journal of International Commerce and Economics April 2019

Click to access concepts_approaches_in_gvc_research_final_april_18.pdf

The Age of Global Value Chains: Maps and Policy Issues

A VoxEU.org eBook
Edited by João Amador and Filippo di Mauro
CEPR Press 2015

Click to access GVCs-ebook.pdf

Global value chains: A review of the multi- disciplinary literature

Liena Kano1, Eric W. K. Tsang2 and Henry Wai-chung Yeung3

Journal of International Business Studies (2020)

Click to access 2020_02_kano_tsang_yeung_gvcs_a_review_of_the_lit.pdf

Modelling Global Value Chains: Approaches and Insights from Economics1

Davin Chor
Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College & National University of Singapore

January 2019

Click to access Modelling_Global_Value_Chains_8Jan19.pdf

“The Margins of Global Sourcing: Theory and Evidence from U.S. Firms.”

Antràs, Pol, Teresa C. Fort, and Felix Tintelnot. 2017.

American Economic Review 107 (9): 2514-64.

https://scholar.harvard.edu/antras/publications/margins-global-sourcing-theory-and-evidence-us-firms

Disentangling Global Value Chains∗ 

Alonso de Gortari

adegortaribriseno@fas.harvard.edu

First version: August 12, 2016 This version: November 26, 2017

Click to access JobMarketPaperdegotardi.pdf

Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress

December 16, 2020

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov R46641

Rachel F. Fefer, Coordinator
Analyst in International Trade and Finance

Andres B. Schwarzenberg

Analyst in International Trade and Finance

Liana Wong

Analyst in International Trade and Finance

Click to access R46641.pdf

Economic Bulletin

Issue 5 / 2020

ECB

ECB Economic Bulletin, Issue 5 / 2020 – Update on economic and monetary developments Summary

Click to access eb202005.en.pdf

Risk, resilience, and rebalancing in global value chains

MGI

August 2020

James Manyika
Director and Co-chair, McKinsey Global Institute Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company
San Francisco

Sven Smit
Director and Co-chair, McKinsey Global Institute Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company Amsterdam

Jonathan Woetzel
Director, McKinsey Global Institute Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company Shanghai

Click to access Risk-resilience-and-rebalancing-in-global-value-chains-full-report-vH.pdf

GLOBALIZATION IN TRANSITION: THE FUTURE OF TRADE AND VALUE CHAINS

MGI

JANUARY 2019

By Susan Lund, James Manyika, Jonathan Woetzel, Jacques Bughin, Mekala Krishnan, Jeongmin Seong, and Mac Muir

https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/innovation-and-growth/globalization-in-transition-the-future-of-trade-and-value-chains

Accounting for growth and productivity in global value chains

Marcel Timmer, Xianjia Ye

2020

In B. Fraumeni (Ed.), 

Measuring Economic Growth and Productivity: Foundations, KLEMS Production Models, and Extensions (pp. 413-426). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817596-5.00018-4

https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/accounting-for-growth-and-productivity-in-global-value-chains

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128175965000184?via%3Dihub

by Lumba, Angelo Jose, Mahintan Joseph Mariasingham and Kristina Baris 


Center for Global Trade Analysis
Department of Agricultural Economics
Purdue University
403 West State Street
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2056 USA 

https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=6090

Determinants of Global Value Chain Participation: Cross- country Analysis

Biswajit Banerjee, Juraj Zeman

NBS Working paper 1/2020

http://www.nbs.sk

Click to access WP_1_2020_Zeman_Determinants_of_GVC_EN.pdf

Drivers and benefits of Enhancing participation in global Value Chains: Lessons for India

Sabyasachi Mitra, Abhijit Sen Gupta, and Atul Sanganeria

No. 79 | December 2020

ADB

Click to access sawp-79-enhancing-participation-gvcs-india.pdf

Sustaining global Value Chains

AIIB

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 2021
AIIB Headquarters, Tower A, Asia Financial Center
No. 1 Tianchen East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China Tel: +86-10-8358-0000
econ@aiib.org

https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/asian-infrastructure-finance/2021/introduction/index.html

Understanding the Impact of Global Value Chains – A Workshop

https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/understanding-the-impact-of-global-value-chains-a-workshop

Resilience in Global Value Chains: A Systemic Risk Approach 

sherwat@aucegypt.edu

Global Perspectives (2021) 2 (1): 27658

.https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.27658

https://online.ucpress.edu/gp/article-abstract/2/1/27658/118661/Resilience-in-Global-Value-Chains-A-Systemic-Risk?redirectedFrom=fulltext

The mutual constraints of states and global value chains during COVID-19: The case of personal protective equipment

Mark P. Dallas a,⇑, Rory Horner b,c, Lantian Li d

a Department of Political Science & Asian Studies, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
b Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
c Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa d Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

World Development 139 (2021) 105324

Click to access Dallas-Horner-Li-Mutual-Constraints-of-States-and-GVCs-during-COVID-19_The-Case-of-PPEs-in-World-Development-139-Online.pdf

Statement of U.S. Global Value Chain Coalition

House Committee on Ways and Means
Hearing on the 2020 U.S. Trade Policy Agenda on June 17, 2020 July 1, 2020

Click to access U.S.%20Global%20Value%20Chain%20Coalition%20Submission%20for%20the%20Record.pdf

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS IN THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY: ADVANTAGES, VULNERABILITIES, AND WAYS FOR ENHANCING RESILIENCE

N. V. Smorodinskaya D. D. Katukov V. E. Malygin

Institute of Economics Russian Academy of Sciences 32 Nakhimovskiy Prospekt, Moscow, 117218, Russia

Received 20 April 2021

doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2021-3-5

Click to access Global-value-chains-in-the-age-of-uncertainty-advantages-vulnerabilities-and-ways-for-enhancing-resilience.pdf

COVID-19 and Trade Policy:

Why Turning Inward Won’t Work

Edited by Richard Baldwin

and Simon J. Evenett

A CEPR Press VoxEU.org eBook

Handbook on Global Value Chains

Edited by

Stefano Ponte, Professor of International Political Economy, Director, Centre for Business and Development Studies, Copenhagen Business School (CBS), Denmark,

Gary Gereffi, Founding Director, Global Value Chains Center and Emeritus Professor, Department of Sociology, Duke University, US and

Gale Raj-Reichert, Bard College Berlin, Germany 

Publication Date: 2019 ISBN: 978 1 78811 376 2 Extent: 640 pp

https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/handbook-on-global-value-chains-9781788113762.html

Dynamics in chains and networks

edited by H.J. Bremmers, S.W.F. Omta, J.H. Trienekens

Maureen S. Golan,1Laura H. Jernegan,1 and  Igor Linkov2

Environ Syst Decis. 2020 May 30 : 1–22. 

doi: 10.1007/s10669-020-09777-w [Epub ahead of print]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261049/

OR-methods for coping with the ripple effect in supply chains during COVID-19 pandemic: Managerial insights and research implications

Dmitry Ivanova,∗ and  Alexandre Dolguib

Int J Prod Econ. 2021 Feb; 232: 107921.
Published online 2020 Sep 15.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107921

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7491383/

Ripple effect in the supply chain network: Forward and backward disruption propagation, network health and firm vulnerability

Yuhong Li,aKedong Chen,aStephane Collignon,b and  Dmitry Ivanovc,⁎

Eur J Oper Res. 2021 Jun 16; 291(3): 1117–1131.
Published online 2020 Oct 10.

doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.09.053

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7546950/

The Emerging World of Chains and Networks, Bridging Theory and Practice

Th. Camps (Editor), P.J.M. Diederen (Editor), G.J. Hofstede (Editor), B. Vos (Editor)

Original languageEnglish
Place of PublicationAmsterdam
PublisherReed Business Information
Number of pages348
ISBN (Print)9789059019287
Publication statusPublished – 2004

Experimental learning in chains and networks,

G. J. Hofstede (2006)

Production Planning & Control, 17:6, 543-546,

DOI: 10.1080/09537280600866561

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09537280600866561

Integrating supply chain and network analyses: The study of netchains

Sergio Lazzarini

John M. Olin School of Business, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1133, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA

Fabio Chaddad

Agribusiness Research Institute, University of Missouri – Columbia, 138A Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

Michael Cook

Agribusiness Research Institute, University of Missouri – Columbia, 125C Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

Journal on Chain and Network Science: 1 (1)- Pages: 7 – 22

https://doi.org/10.3920/JCNS2001.x002
Published Online: December 10, 2008

https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/10.3920/JCNS2001.x002

Network Science approach to Modelling Emergence and Topological Robustness of Supply Networks: A Review and Perspective

Supun S. Perera 1,*
(E-mail: s.perera@econ.usyd.edu.au Telephone: +61291141893, Fax: +61291141863)
Michael G.H. Bell 1
(E-mail: michael.bell@sydney.edu.au Telephone: +61291141816, Fax: +61291141863)
Michiel C.J. Bliemer 1
(E-mail:michiel.bliemer@sydney.edu.au Telephone: +61291141840, Fax: +61291141863)
1 Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, University of Sydney, Australia

Click to access 1803.09913.pdf

Click to access s41109-017-0053-0.pdf

Trust and Transparency in Supply Netchains: A Contradiction?

Gert Jan Hofstede

Wageningen University & Research

Supply Chain Management: Issues in the New Era of Collaboration and Competition, (2007) William Y.C. Wang, Michael S.H. Heng & Patrick Y.K. Chau (eds), a book by Idea Group Inc., pp 105-126
This version: V2, May 2005

Click to access Trust-and-Transparency-in-Supply-Netchains-A-Contradiction.pdf

Strategic Planning and Management of Food and Agribusiness Chains: The ChainPlan Method (Framework)

Marcos Fava Neves1

1University of São Paulo and Fundação Getulio Vargas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Rafael Bordonal Kalaki2

2University of São Paulo and Socicana, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

Jonny Mateus Rodrigues3

3University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

Allan Wayne Gray4

4Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA

https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgn/a/vN53Xv7Vz8LZskHkb5KXqBq/?format=pdf&lang=en
https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgn/a/vN53Xv7Vz8LZskHkb5KXqBq/?lang=en&format=html

World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains

World Bank IBRD 2020

https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2020

Reconfigurable supply chain: the X-network.

Alexandre Dolgui, Dmitry Ivanov, Boris Sokolov.

International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis, 2020, 58 (13), pp.4138-4163.

10.1080/00207543.2020.1774679 . hal-02882722

Click to access X-Network%20V2-1%20Preprint.pdf

COVID-19 and global value chains: Policy options to build more resilient production networks

3 June 2020

OECD

https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-global-value-chains-policy-options-to-build-more-resilient-production-networks-04934ef4/

Global value chains: Efficiency and risks in the context of COVID-19

11 February 2021

OECD

https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/global-value-chains-efficiency-and-risks-in-the-context-of-covid-19-67c75fdc/

https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/global-value-chains.htm

World Investment Report 2020

CHAPTER IV
INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION: A DECADE OF TRANSFORMATION AHEAD

UNCTAD

Downloads

Click to access wir2020_en.pdf

World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development

Chapter 4

UNCTAD

Click to access wir2013_en.pdf

World Investment Report 2017

UNCTAD

Click to access wir2017_en.pdf

Reimagining industrial supply chains

Thomas Baumgartner, Yogesh Malik, and Asutosh Padhi

McKinsey August 11, 2020

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/reimagining-industrial-supply-chains#

FDI vs Outsourcing: Extending Boundaries or Extending Network Chains of Firms

FDI vs Outsourcing: Extending Boundaries or Extending Network Chains of Firms

 

Foreign Direct Investments of Firms can have three objectives:

  • Vertical Integration (Control of Supply Chain)
  • Horizontal Integration (Seeking Market Share)
  • Diversification ( Market Seeking)

In this post, Focus is on Sourcing of Goods and Services in FDI and Outsourcing Decisions of Firms.  That means focusing on supply chain related issues.

 

From GLOBAL SOURCING

A fi…rm that chooses to keep the production of an intermediate input within its boundaries can produce it at home or in a foreign country. When it keeps it at home, it engages in standard vertical integration. And when it makes it abroad, it engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and intra-…firm trade. Alternatively, a …firm may choose to outsource an input in the home country or in a foreign country. When it buys the input at home, it engages in domestic outsourcing. And when it buys it abroad, it engages in foreign outsourcing, or arm’s-length trade.

Intel Corporation provides an example of the FDI strategy; it assembles most of its microchips in wholly-owned subsidiaries in China, Costa Rica, Malaysia, and the Philippines. On the other hand, Nike provides an example of the arm’s-length import strategy; it subcontracts most of its manufacturing to independent producers in Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

 

 

Intermediate Goods – Make vs.  Buy Decisions of Firms

 

Outsourcing2

 

From Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy

 

The rising integration of world markets has brought with it a disintegration of the production process, in which manufacturing or services activities done abroad are combined with those performed at home. Companies are now finding it profitable to outsource increasing amounts of the production process, a process which can happen either domestically or abroad. This represents a breakdown in the vertically-integrated mode of production – the so-called “Fordist” production, exemplified by the automobile industry – on which American manufacturing was built. A number of prominent researchers have referred to the importance of the idea that production occurs internationally: Bhagwati and Dehejia (1994) call this “kaleidoscope comparative advantage,” as firms shift location quickly; Krugman (1996) uses the phrase “slicing the value chain”; Leamer (1996) prefers “delocalization;” while Antweiler and Trefler (1997) introduce “intra-mediate trade.” There is no single measure that captures the full range of these activities, but I shall compare several different measures of foreign outsourcing, and argue that they have all increased since the 1970s.

 

Types of Supply Chain Relations:

  • Intra-firm Trade of MNCs
  • Foreign Outsourcing
  • Domestic Outsourcing
  • Vertical Integration

 

Key Terms:

  • Production Sharing
  • Vertical Integration
  • Fragmentation of Production
  • Global Value Chains
  • Outsourcing
  • Delocalization
  • Intermediate Goods Trade
  • FDI
  • Domestic Outsourcing
  • Production Offshoring
  • Onshoring
  • Economic Globalization
  • Value Added Tasks
  • Intra-firm Trade
  • Multinational Firms
  • Vertical Specialization
  • Vertical Disintegration
  • Transaction Cost Economics
  • Trade in Value Added Tasks
  • Vertical Production Networks
  • Production Unbundling

 

Key Sources of Research:

PHYSICAL CAPITAL, KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL AND THE CHOICE BETWEEN FDI AND OUTSOURCING

Yongmin Chen
Ignatius J. Horstmann
James R. Markusen

Working Paper 14515
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14515

December 2008

Click to access w14515.pdf

 

 

OUTSOURCING VERSUS FDI IN INDUSTRY EQUILIBRIUM

Gene M.Grossman
Elhanan Helpman

Working Paper 9300
http://www.nber.org/papers/w9300

October 2002

Click to access w9300.pdf

 

 

GLOBAL SOURCING

Pol Antràs
Elhanan Helpman

Working Paper 10082
http://www.nber.org/papers/w10082

November 2003

Click to access w10082.pdf

 

 

OUTSOURCING IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY

Gene M. Grossman
Elhanan Helpman

Working Paper 8728
http://www.nber.org/papers/w8728

January 2002

Click to access w8728.pdf

 

 

 

Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality

Robert C. Feenstra

Gordon H. Hanson

January 1996

Click to access w5424.pdf

 

Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:  A Survey of Trade and wages

Robert C. Feenstra

Gordon H. Hanson

2001

Click to access w8372.pdf

 

 

TRADE, FDI, AND THE ORGANIZATION OF FIRMS

Elhanan Helpman

Working Paper 12091
http://www.nber.org/papers/w12091

March 2006

Click to access w12091.pdf

 

 

 

HOME AND HOST COUNTRY EFFECTS OF FDI

Robert E. Lipsey

Working Paper 9293
http://www.nber.org/papers/w9293

October 2002

Click to access w9293.pdf

 

 

Chapter Title: Introduction to “Foreign Direct Investment”

Chapter Author: Kenneth A. Froot
Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c6531

1992

Click to access c6531.pdf

 

Chapter Title: Where Are the Multinationals Headed?

Chapter Author: Raymond Vernon
Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c6534

1992

Click to access c6534.pdf

 

 

 

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Sectoral and Institutional
Approach

James P. Walsh and Jiangyan Yu

2010

Click to access wp10187.pdf

 

 

 

DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Bruce A. Blonigen
Jeremy Piger

Working Paper 16704
http://www.nber.org/papers/w16704

January 2011

Click to access w16704.pdf

 

 

 

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis

Khondoker Abdul Mottaleba
Kaliappa Kalirajanb

2010

Click to access WP2010_13.pdf

 

 

 

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment

Bruce A. Blonigen

Jeremy Piger

 

2014

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2535582

 

Trends and Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in South Asia

World Bank

2013

Click to access ACS48460WP0P13055B00PUBLIC00A9RBBB1.pdf

 

 

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Yi Feng
Publication Date: Jun 2017

http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-559

http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-559?print=pdf

 

 

 

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Click to access s4IP1_8736.pdf

 

 

 

Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational Enterprise: An Introduction

Steven Brakman and Harry Garretsen

2008

Click to access 9780262026451_sch_0001.pdf

 

 

 

AN EXTENSIVE EXPLORATION OF THEORIES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Patricia Lindelwa Makoni

Click to access 10-22495_rgcv5i2c1art1.pdf

 

 

 

A selective review of foreign direct investment theories.

Nayak, Dinkar and Rahul N. Choudhury (2014).

ARTNeT Working Paper Series No. 143, March 2014,

Click to access 782793517.pdf

 

 

Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy

Robert C. Feenstra

Revised, April 1998

 

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.39.7178&rep=rep1&type=pdf

 

 

 

The Distributional Effects of International Fragmentation,

Kohler, Wilhelm (2002)

Working Paper, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, No. 0201

 

Click to access wp0201.pdf

 

 

 

International Fragmentation of Production and the Intrafirm Trade of U.S. Multinational Companies

Maria Borga and William J. Zeile
WP2004-02
January 22, 2004

Paper presented at:

The National Bureau of Economic Research/Conference on Research in Income and Wealth meeting on Firm-level Data, Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment, Cambridge, Massachusetts
August 7-8, 2003,
and
The OECD Committee on Industry and Business Environment/Working Party on Statistics
Session on Globalization,
Paris, France
November 3-4, 2003.

Click to access intrafirmtradejanuary04.pdf

 

 

The governance of global value chains

Gary Gereffi
John Humphrey
Timothy Sturgeon
2005

Click to access GVC_Governance.pdf

 

The economic consequences of increased protectionism

Riksbank of Sweden

2017

Click to access ppr_fordjupning_3_170427_eng.pdf

 

 

 

Deep integration and production networks: an empirical analysis

Gianluca Orefice
Nadia Rocha
World Trade Organization
Manuscript date: July 2011

Click to access ersd201111_e.pdf

 

 

 

Measuring success in the global economy: international trade, industrial
upgrading, and business function outsourcing in global value chains

Timothy J. Sturgeon and Gary Gereffi

Click to access diaeiia200910a1_en.pdf

 

 

 

Topics in International Trade

Reading list

Click to access readings-topics09.pdf

 

 

 

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, TRADE, AND GLOBAL PRODUCTION NETWORKS
IN ASIA AND EUROPE

GPN Working Paper 2
October 2002

Click to access gpnwp2.pdf

 

 

Why has world trade grown faster than world output?

Mark Dean

Maria Sebastia-Barriel

Click to access Other_Paper_1.pdf

 

 

Vertical Specialization, Global Value Chains and the changing Geography of Trade: the Portuguese Rubber and Plastics Industry Case

João Carlos Lopes and Ana Santos

Click to access wp122015.pdf

 

 

The changing structure of trade linked to global production systems: What are the policy implications?

William MILBERG

 

Click to access Changing-Structure-of-Trade-Linked-to-Global-Production-Systems.pdf

 

 

WHO PRODUCES FOR WHOM IN THE WORLD ECONOMY?

Guillaume Daudin (Lille-I (EQUIPPE) & Sciences Po (OFCE), Christine Rifflart, Danielle
Schweisguth (Sciences Po (OFCE))1

This version: July 2009

Click to access WP2009-18.pdf

 

THE NATURE AND GROWTH OF VERTICAL SPECIALIZATION IN WORLD TRADE

David Hummels
Jun Ishii
Kei-Mu Yi
March 1999

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.475.3874&rep=rep1&type=pdf

 

Click to access sr72.pdf

 

 

Expansion Strategies of U.S. Multinational Firms

Gordon H. Hanson, Raymond J. Mataloni, and Matthew J. Slaughter

WP2001-01
May 10-11, 2001

Paper presented at:

The Brookings Trade Forum 2001, Washington, D.C.
May 10-11, 2001

Click to access HMS1.PDF

 

 

INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES AND THE BOUNDARIES OF THE FIRM

Mihir A. Desai C. Fritz Foley James R. Hines Jr.

Working Paper 9115 http://www.nber.org/papers/w9115
August 2002

 

Click to access 000000005694_01.PDF

 

 

 

The Globalization of Production

Gordon H. Hanson

 

http://www.nber.org/reporter/spring01/hanson.html

 

 

 

The Politics of Transnational Production Systems A Political Economy Perspective

Helge Hveem
Department of Political Science
University of Oslo

Click to access hveem.pdf

 

 The Architecture of Globalization: A Network Approach to International Economic Integration.

Raja Kali and Javier Reyes

Second Revision: October 9, 2006

Click to access TradeNetwork.pdf

 

 

 

 

 

Paris School of Economics – Summer School on Trade

2017

Click to access trade-sumschool-pse-2017.pdf

 

 

Spain in the global value chains

2017

Click to access beaa1703-art20e.pdf

 

 

 An Outsourcing Bibliography

Foreign Policy magazine

2004

An outsourcing bibliography

 

 

 

OFFSHORING, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, AND THE STRUCTURE OF U.S. TRADE

2006

 

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.564.6639&rep=rep1&type=pdf

 

 

 A Survey of Literature on Research of Intra-firm Trade

WANG Li, SHEN Rui

Click to access 2013jrgjgc311b13.pdf

 

 

Global Value Chains

OECD, WTO and World Bank Group
Report prepared for submission to the G20 Trade Ministers Meeting Sydney, Australia, 19 July 2014

Click to access gvc_report_g20_july_2014.pdf

 

 

 

TRADE IN INTERMEDIATE GOODS AND SERVICES

OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 93
by Sébastien Miroudot, Rainer Lanz and Alexandros Ragoussis

Click to access 44056524.pdf

 

 

The Boundaries of Multinational Enterprises and the Theory of International Trade

James R. Markusen

 

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.551.4665&rep=rep1&type=pdf

 

 

Incomplete Contracts and the Boundaries of the Multinational Firm

Nathan Nunn

Daniel Trefler

June 2008

Click to access NunnTreflerPaper.pdf

 

 

The Theory of the Firm goes Global

Dalia Marin

2008

Click to access 370.pdf

On Inequality of Wealth and Income – Causes and Consequences

 On Inequality of Wealth and Income – Causes and Consequences

 

Disparity in Wealth and Income of American workers/household is a hot public policy/economic/social/political issue.

  • Wealth (Stock)
  • Income (Flow)

what are the causes and consequences of Inequality on economics and society?

 

From TRENDS IN INCOME INEQUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH (OECD)

The disparity in the distribution of household incomes has been rising over the past three decades in a vast majority of OECD countries and such long-term trend was interrupted only temporarily in the first years of the Great Recession. Addressing these trends has moved to the top of the policy agenda in many countries. This is partly due to worries that a persistently unbalanced sharing of the growth dividend will result in social resentment, fuelling populist and protectionist sentiments, and leading to political instability. Recent discussions, particularly in the US, about increased inequality being one possible cause of the 2008 financial crisis also contributed to its relevance for policy making. But another growing reason for the strong interest of policy makers in inequality is concern about whether the cumulatively large and sometimes rapid increase in inequality might have an effect on economic growth and on the pace of exit from the current recession. Is inequality a pre-requisite for growth? Or does a greater dispersion of incomes across individuals rather undermine growth? And which are the short and long-term consequences of redistributive policies on growth?

From Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective (IMF)

Widening income inequality is the defining challenge of our time. In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing declining inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain. Not surprisingly then, the extent of inequality, its drivers, and what to do about it have become some of the most hotly debated issues by policymakers and researchers alike. Against this background, the objective of this paper is two-fold.

First, we show why policymakers need to focus on the poor and the middle class. Earlier IMF work has shown that income inequality matters for growth and its sustainability. Our analysis suggests that the income distribution itself matters for growth as well. Specifically, if the income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down. In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth. The poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic, social, and political channels.

Second, we investigate what explains the divergent trends in inequality developments across advanced economies and EMDCs, with a particular focus on the poor and the middle class. While most existing studies have focused on advanced countries and looked at the drivers of the Gini coefficient and the income of the rich, this study explores a more diverse group of countries and pays particular attention to the income shares of the poor and the middle class—the main engines of growth. Our analysis suggests that

  • Technological progress and the resulting rise in the skill premium (positives for growth and productivity) and the decline of some labor market institutions have contributed to inequality in both advanced economies and EMDCs. Globalization has played a smaller but reinforcing role. Interestingly, we find that rising skill premium is associated with widening income disparities in advanced countries, while financial deepening is associated with rising inequality in EMDCs, suggesting scope for policies that promote financial inclusion.

  • Policies that focus on the poor and the middle class can mitigate inequality. Irrespective of the level of economic development, better access to education and health care and well-targeted social policies, while ensuring that labor market institutions do not excessively penalize the poor, can help raise the income share for the poor and the middle class.

  • There is no one-size-fits-all approach to tackling inequality. The nature of appropriate policies depends on the underlying drivers and country-specific policy and institutional settings. In advanced economies, policies should focus on reforms to increase human capital and skills, coupled with making tax systems more progressive. In EMDCs, ensuring financial deepening is accompanied with greater financial inclusion and creating incentives for lowering informality would be important. More generally, complementarities between growth and income equalityobjectives suggest that policies aimed at raising average living standards can also influence the distribution of income and ensure a more inclusive prosperity.

From World changes in inequality: an overview of facts, causes, consequences and policies (BIS)

Public concern about inequality has grown substantially in recent years. Politicians and journalists descant with increasing frequency on the increase in inequality as a threat to social stability, laying the blame on globalisation and its attendant so-called neo-liberal policies. There is certainly much truth in such views. However, the lack of rigour in the public debate is striking, and one may doubt whether a constructive discussion of inequality, its causes and its economic, social and political consequences can take place without more clarity. Is it really the case that inequality is everywhere increasing more or less continuously, as actually seems to be happening in the United States? What type of inequality are we talking about: earnings, market income, household disposable income per consumption unit, wealth? What matters most: the inequality of opportunity or the inequality of economic outcome, including income? What kind of measure should be used? The recently highly publicised share of the top 5, 1.1% taken from tax data may not evolve in the same way as the familiar Gini coefficient defined on disposable incomes. And, then, what is known about the nature of the unequalising forces that seem to affect our economies and what tools might be available to counteract them?

In an international survey conducted in 2010, people were asked how they thought inequality had changed over the previous 10 years.1 In few countries was the perception of inequality trends in agreement with what could be observed from standard statistical sources about inequality. US citizens felt inequality had remained the same, whereas it was surging by most accounts, Brazilians found it was also increasing despite the fact that, for the first time in over 40 years, inequality was declining, while French and Dutch people thought that inequality had increased although the usual inequality coefficients were remarkably stable.

Good policies must rely on precise diagnostics. It is the purpose of this paper to take stock of what is known at this stage about the evolution of inequality around the world. In so doing, it will be shown that an ever-increasing degree of inequality at all times and everywhere over the last 30 years is far from the reality, and that there is a high degree of specificity across countries. In turn, this suggests that the combination of equalising and unequalising forces may be quite different from one country to another. Some factors may be common and truly global but others may be country-specific, the outcome being quite variable across countries. It also follows that tools to correct inequality, if need be, may have to differ in nature depending on the causes of increased inequality.

Tackling all these issues in depth is beyond the scope of this paper. My aim is only to offer an overview of what is observed and the main ideas being debated in the field of economic inequality. The paper is organised as follows. It starts with a quick “tour d‘horizon“ of the evidence for the evolution of various dimensions of economic inequality. It then tackles the issue of the potential causes, identifying what may be seen as common to most countries and what may be specific. Finally, it touches upon the consequences of excessive inequality and the tools available to counter it, emphasising the rising constraints imposed by globalisation.

Causes of Inequality

  • Shareholder Capitalism
  • Focus on Cost Minimization
  • Focus on ROIC and Economic Value Added (EVA)
  • Consolidation – Mergers and Acquisitions
  • Free Trade Agreements – NAFTA
  • Increased Outsourcing
  • Global Commodity Chains
  • Global Production Networks
  • Global Value Chains
  • Lack of Educated Workforce
  • Lack of protection for Low income earners
  • Compensation for Executives vs Labor
  • Unemployment, Underemployment
  • Value of High Skilled Technical Workers
  • Technological Change
  • Skills Obsolescence

Consequences of Inequality

  • Impact on Effective Demand
  • Slows Economic Growth
  • Decreased Economic Mobility
  • Health and Social effects
  • Living Standards at the Bottom (Poverty)
  • Intergenerational Mobility
  • Democratic Process and Social Justice
  • Reduced Consumption
  • Financial Crisis
  • Social Cohesion
  • Global Imbalances
  • Hampers Poverty reduction
  • Access to Health services
  • Access to Financial Services
  • Access to Education

 

Key Sources of Research:

 

The Age of Inequality

Edited by Jeremy Gantz

2017

 

 

The Price of Inequality

Joseph Stiglitz

2012

A Firm-Level Perspective on the Role of Rents in the Rise in Inequality

Jason Furman

Peter Orszag

October 16, 2015

http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/teaching/FurmanOrszag15.pdf

Firming Up Inequality

Jae Song, David J. Price Fatih Guvenen, Nicholas Bloom

2015

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/62587/1/dp1354.pdf

 

 

 TOWARDS A BROADER VIEW OF COMPETITION POLICY

 

Joseph E. Stiglitz

University Professor, Columbia University,

Chief Economist at the Roosevelt Institute

June 2017

https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/sites/jstiglitz/files/Towards%20a%20Broader%20View%20of%20Competition%20Policy_0.pdf

 

 

ACCOUNTING FOR RISING CORPORATE PROFITS: INTANGIBLES OR REGULATORY RENTS?

Boston University School of Law
Law & Economics Working Paper No. 16-18

November 9, 2016

https://www.bu.edu/law/files/2016/11/Accounting-for-Rising-Corporate-Profits.pdf

Inequality: Facts, Explanations, and Policies

Jason Furman
Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers

City College of New York New York, NY

October 17, 2016

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20161017_furman_ccny_inequality_cea.pdf

Domestic Outsourcing, Rent Seeking, and Increasing Inequality

 Eileen Appelbaum

First Published July 21, 2017

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0486613417697121

 

Global Concentration and the Rise of China

Caroline Freund and Dario Sidhu

Peterson Institute for International Economics

http://econ.au.dk/fileadmin/Economics_Business/Research/Seminars/2016/Global_Concentration_Final.pdf

How Could Wage Inequality within and Across Enterprises Be Reduced?

Columbia Business School Research Paper No. 17-62

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 Last revised: 17 Aug 2017

Christian Moser

Columbia University

Date Written: December 15, 2016

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2983691

 

 

 

The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms

David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence F. Katz, Christina Patterson, John Van Reenen

NBER Working Paper No. 23396
Issued in May 2017

http://www.nber.org/papers/w23396

Inequality: A Hidden Cost of Market Power

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 Last revised: 31 Mar 2017

Sean F. Ennis  Pedro Gonzaga  Chris Pike

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) – Competition Division

Date Written: March 6, 2017

https://papers.ssrn.com/Sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2942791

 

 

Wealth and Income Inequality in the Twenty-First Century

Joseph E. Stiglitz
International Economic Association World Congress
Mexico City
June 2017

https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/sites/jstiglitz/files/Wealth%20and%20Income%20Inequality%2021st%20Century.pdf

 

 

The Globalization of Production and Income Inequality in Rich Democracies

Matthew C Mahutga
Anthony Roberts
Ronald Kwon

Social Forces, Volume 96, Issue 1, 1 September 2017, Pages 181–214,
Published: 25 May 2017
http://matthewcm.ucr.edu/Mahutga%20Roberts%20and%20Kwon%202017.pdf

 

INCOME AND WEALTH INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

EMMANUEL SAEZ

Contemporary Economic Policy

Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2017, 7–25
Online Early publication October 14, 2016

 

https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/SaezCEP2017.pdf

 

 

Consequences of Rising Income Inequality

BY KEVIN J. LANSING AND AGNIESZKA MARKIEWICZ

October 17, 2016

Economic Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

 

http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/files/el2016-31.pdf

 

 

 

Top Incomes, Rising Inequality, and Welfare

Kevin J. Lansing
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

Agnieszka Markiewicz

June 2016

http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/files/wp12-23bk.pdf

 

 

Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective

Era Dabla-Norris, Kalpana Kochhar, Frantisek Ricka, Nujin Suphaphiphat, and Evridiki Tsounta
(with contributions from Preya Sharma and Veronique Salins)

IMF

June 2015

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf

 

 

Piketty, Thomas. 2014.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

 

 

Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-Class Squeeze—an Update to 2007

Edward N. Wolff

Levy Economics Institute of Bard College

March 2010

http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_589.pdf

 

 

 

CONSUMPTION AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE U.S. SINCE THE 1960S

Bruce D. Meyer James X. Sullivan

NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH

August 2017

http://www.nber.org/papers/w23655.pdf

 

 

Top Income Inequality in the 21st Century: Some Cautionary Notes

Fatih Guvenen Greg Kaplan

April 2, 2017

https://gregkaplan.uchicago.edu/sites/gregkaplan.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/top_income_inequality_web_April2_2017.pdf

 

FIFTY YEARS OF GROWTH IN AMERICAN CONSUMPTION, INCOME, AND WAGES

Bruce Sacerdote

May 16, 2017

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~bsacerdo/Sacerdote%2050%20Years%20of%20Growth%20in%20American%20Wages%20Income%20and%20Consumption%20May%202017.pdf

http://www.nber.org/papers/w23292.pdf

 

 

The Inequality Puzzle

BY LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS

 

http://democracyjournal.org/magazine/33/the-inequality-puzzle/

 

 

 

 GLOBAL INEQUALITY DYNAMICS: NEW FINDINGS FROM WID.WORLD

Facundo Alvaredo Lucas Chancel Thomas Piketty Emmanuel Saez Gabriel Zucman

NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
February 2017, Revised April 2017

 

http://www.nber.org/papers/w23119.pdf

 

 

 

Power and inequality in the global political economy

NICOLA PHILLIPS

March 2017

https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ia/iix019

 

 

 Outsourcing governance: states and the politics of a ‘global value chain world’

Frederick W. Mayer & Nicola Phillips

04 Jan 2017

 

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13563467.2016.1273341

 

 

What’s caused the rise in income inequality in the US?

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/05/whats-caused-the-rise-in-income-inequality-in-the-us/

Why are American Workers getting Poorer? China, Trade and Offshoring

Avraham Ebenstein, Ann Harrison, Margaret McMillan

NBER Working Paper No. 21027
Issued in March 2015

http://www.nber.org/papers/w21027

 

 

 

The Geography of Trade and Technology Shocks in the United States

David H. Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson

American Economic Review

May 2013

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.103.3.220

 

Economic Consequences of Income Inequality

Jason Furman
Joseph E. Stiglitz

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cee6/1573cd50b9c8eae3379cf1f1c92301f40927.pdf

 

Labor’s Declining Share of Income and Rising Inequality

https://www.clevelandfed.org/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/2012-economic-commentaries/ec-201213-labors-declining-share-of-income-and-rising-inequality.aspx

 

 

World changes in inequality: an overview of facts, causes, consequences and policies

by François Bourguignon
Monetary and Economic Department
August 2017

BIS working paper

http://www.bis.org/publ/work654.pdf

“Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth”

OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 163

http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm

http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/trends-in-income-inequality-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth-SEM-WP163.pdf

 

Causes of income inequality in the United States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_income_inequality_in_the_United_States

 

Economic inequality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality

 

 

Income inequality in the United States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States

 

 

Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth

Prepared by Jonathan D. Ostry, Andrew Berg, Charalambos G. Tsangarides

 

April 2014

IMF

 

Click to access sdn1402.pdf

 

 

 

Understanding the Economic Impact of the H-1B Program on the U.S.

John Bound† Gaurav Khanna‡ Nicolas Morales§

April 20, 2017

 

Click to access c13842.pdf

Understanding Global Value Chains – G20/OECD/WB Initiative

Understanding Global Value Chains – G20/OECD/WB Initiative

 

There is lot of opacity in understanding of GVCs.  Efforts are underway since last few years to get better analytical and statistical tools to understand International Trade and Global Value Chains.

Globalization in Trade and Finance encouraged by International organizations such as IMF/WB/OECD/WTO/UNCTAD/UNIDO and others has changed the landscape of Trade.

There is still a long way to go to make better sense of issues and concerns for policy makers.

OECD/WB/WTO along with G20 Trade Ministers have initiated efforts since 2012.

 

From Global Value Chains 

Introduction to GVCs

International production, trade and investments are increasingly organised within so-called global value chains (GVCs) where the different stages of the production process are located across different countries. Globalisation motivates companies to restructure their operations internationally through outsourcing and offshoring of activities.

Firms try to optimise their production processes by locating the various stages across different sites. The past decades have witnessed a strong trend towards the international dispersion of value chain activities such as design, production, marketing, distribution, etc.

This emergence of GVCs challenges conventional wisdom on how we look at economic globalisation and in particular, the policies that we develop around it.

 

Trade in Value Added

The goods and services we buy are composed of inputs from various countries around the world. However, the flows of goods and services within these global production chains are not always reflected in conventional measures of international trade. The joint OECD – WTO Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) initiative addresses this issue by considering the value added by each country in the production of goods and services that are consumed worldwide. TiVA indicators are designed to better inform policy makers by providing new insights into the commercial relations between nations.

 

GVCs and Trade Policy

Global value chains (GVCs) have become a dominant feature of world trade, encompassing developing, emerging, and developed economies. The whole process of producing goods, from raw materials to finished products, is increasingly carried out wherever the necessary skills and materials are available at competitive cost and quality. Similarly, trade in services is essential for the efficient functioning of GVCs, not only because services link activities across countries but also because they help companies to increase the value of their products. This fragmentation highlights the importance of an ambitious complementary policy agenda to leverage engagement in GVCs into more inclusive growth and employment and the OECD is currently undertaking comprehensive statistical and analytical work that aims to shed light on the scale, nature and consequences of international production sharing.

 

From Global Value Chains/Global Production Networks: Organizing the Global Economy

The key organizational feature of the global economy?

  • “Global Value Chains are defined by fragmented supply chains, with internationally dispersed tasks and activities coordinated by a lead firm (a TNC)” (UNCTAD, 2013, p.125; original italics).
  • Data gathering exercises:UNCTAD,OECD,WTO,JETRO…
  • Now firmly on the agenda among leading international economic organizations
  • The international division of labour:imperial/colonialsystems and exchanges of raw materials and finished goods
  • The new international division of labour(NIDL):establishment of overseas production bases of core country TNCs
  • The global division of labour:much more complex global networks lying behind the production of different goods and services

The phenomenon

  • About 60% of global trade, which today amounts to more than $20 trillion, consists of trade in intermediate goods and services that are incorporated at various stages in the production process of goods and services for final consumption” (UNCTAD, 2013, p. 122)
  • Not new, but since 2000 trade and FDI have increased exponentially, and ahead of GDP growth, highlighting a growth in TNC coordinated global value chains
  • Double counting – approx. 25-30% of value of world trade, e.g. the iPhone example. Not just trade from China to US, but incorporates high value components from Japan, South Korea etc.
  • Beyond national economies and basic trade data, and beyond TNCs and FDI, to more complex organizational structures involving intra-firm trade, arm’s length trade and non-equity modes e.g. subcontracting

 

 

From GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: A PRIMER

gvc5

 

From Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward

gvc4

 

From Global Value Chains/Global Production Networks: Organizing the Global Economy

gvc1gvc-2gvc3

 

Key Terms

  • Global Commodities Chains (GCCs)
  • Global Production Networks (GPNs)
  • Global Value Chains (GVCs)
  • Strategic Coupling
  • Economic Deepening
  • Trans National Corporation (TNC)
  • Multi National Corporation (MNC)
  • Multi National Enterprises (MNE)
  • SMILE curve
  • Economic Clusters
  • UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)
  • OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
  • WTO (World Trade Organization)
  • WB (World Bank)
  • UNESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific)
  • UNCTAD ( United Nations Commission for Trade and Development)
  • ILO ( International Labor Organization)
  • G20 ( Group of 20 Nations)
  • TIVA ( Trade in Value Added)
  • On shoring
  • Off shoring
  • Outsourcing

 

 

Key People

  • Gary Gereffi
  • Neil M Coe
  • Jennifer Bair
  • Henry Wai-chung Yeung
  • Timothy Sturgeon

 

 

Key Sources of Research:

 

Measuring Trade in Value Added: An OECD-WTO joint initiative

https://www.oecd.org/tad/measuringtradeinvalue-addedanoecd-wtojointinitiative.htm

 

 

Global Value Chains

https://www.oecd.org/about/g20-oecd-global-value-chains.htm

https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/global-value-chains.htm

 

 

OECD Stocktaking Seminar on Global Value Chains 2014

https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/trade-and-investment/g20-oecd-global-value-chains-2014.htm

 

 

IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
FOR TRADE, INVESTMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND JOBS

OECD, WTO, UNCTAD 6 August 2013

Prepared for the
G-20 Leaders Summit
Saint Petersburg (Russian Federation) September 2013

 

Click to access G20-Global-Value-Chains-2013.pdf

 

 

Inclusive Global Value Chains

Policy options in trade and complementary areas for GVC Integration by small and medium enterprises and low-income developing countries

OECD and World Bank Group

Report prepared for submission to G20 Trade Ministers Meeting Istanbul, Turkey, 6 October 2015

 

Click to access Participation-Developing-Countries-GVCs-Summary-Paper-April-2015.pdf

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY

OECD, WTO and World Bank Group

Report prepared for submission to the G20 Trade Ministers Meeting Sydney, Australia, 19 July 2014

 

Click to access gvc_report_g20_july_2014.pdf

 

 

Making Global Value Chains (GVCs) Accessible to All

Progress Report
Meeting of the Council at Ministerial Level

6-7 May 2014

 

Click to access MCM-GVC-Progress-Report-May-2014.pdf

 

 

Inclusive Global Value Chains

Policy Options for Small and Medium Enterprises and Low-Income Countries

Ana Paula Cusolito, Raed Safadi, and Daria Taglioni

2016

Click to access 9781464808425.pdf

 

 

Global value chains in a changing world

Edited by Deborah K. Elms and Patrick Low

2013

 

Click to access aid4tradeglobalvalue13_e.pdf

 

 

The rise of global value chains

WORLD TRADE REPORT 2014

 

Click to access wtr14-2c_e.pdf

 

 

Who Captures the Value in the Global Value Chain? High Level Implications for the World Trade Organization

Peter Draper and Andreas Freytag

July 2014

 

Click to access E15-Global-Value-Chains-DraperFreytag-FINAL.pdf

 

 

Joining, Upgrading and Being Competitive in Global Value Chains: 

A Strategic Framework

 

O. Cattaneo G. Gereffi S. Miroudot D. Taglioni

 

Click to access 2013-04_WorldBank_wps6406_Cattaneo_Gereffi_Miroudot_Taglioni_Competitiveness_GVCs.pdf

 

 

Global value chains, development and emerging economies

Gary Gereffi

2015

Click to access WP_18.pdf

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS IN A POSTCRISIS WORLD A DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Olivier Cattaneo, Gary Gereffi, and Cornelia Staritz

2010

Click to access Gereffi_GVCs_in_the_Postcrisis_World_Book.pdf

 

 

 

Global value chains and global production networks in the changing international political economy: An introduction

Jeffrey Neilson1, Bill Pritchard1 and Henry Wai-chung Yeung

2014

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09692290.2013.873369

 

 

Combining the Global Value Chain and global I-O approaches

Discussion paper

Dr. Stacey Frederick

2014

Click to access 2014-09-29_Frederick,%20Stacey_Combining%20GVC%20and%20global%20I-O%20approaches.pdf

 

 

 

Global value chains and world trade : Prospects and challenges for Latin America

René A. Hernández
Jorge Mario Martínez-Piva Nanno Mulder

 

http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37176/S2014061_en.pdf?sequence=1

 

 

 

Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world

Gary Gereffi

2014

 

https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/10696/2014%20Feb_RIPE_Gereffi,%20Gary_GVCs%20in%20a%20post-Washington%20Consensus%20world.pdf?sequence=1

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND DEVELOPMENT: Governance, Upgrading & Emerging Economies

Gary Gereffi

Director, Duke CGGC Duke University

2016

Click to access 697_10587.pdf

 

 

 

MaPPing gLoBaL VaLUe CHainS

Koen De Backer and Sébastien Miroudot

2014

Click to access ecbwp1677.pdf

 

 

 

Global Value Chains/Global Production Networks: Organizing the Global Economy

Neil M. Coe

2013

Click to access DrCoe.pdf

 

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: A PRIMER

Gary Gereffi
Karina Fernandez-Stark

July 2016

 

http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/12488/2016-07-28_GVC%20Primer%202016_2nd%20edition.pdf?sequence=1

 

 

 

WHY THE WORLD SUDDENLY CARES ABOUT GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS

GARY GEREFFI AND JOONKOO LEE

Duke University

http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/10699/2012-07_JSCM_Gereffi%20&%20Lee_Why%20the%20world%20suddenly%20cares%20about%20global%20supply%20chains.pdf?sequence=1

 

 

 

The Economic Crisis: A Global Value Chain Perspective

 

Gary Gereffi

 

Click to access a-global-value-chain-perspective.pdf

 

 

The governance of global value chains

Gary Gereffi John Humphrey Timothy Sturgeon

2005

 

Click to access sturgeon2005.pdf

 

 

Global production networks and the analysis of economic development

Jeffrey Henderson, Peter Dicken, Martin Hess, Neil Coe and Henry Wai-Chung Yeung

2002

Click to access 2002_RIPE.pdf

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT

UNCTAD 2013

Click to access wir2013_en.pdf

 

 

Asia and Global Production Networks

Implications for Trade, Incomes and Economic Vulnerability

Benno Ferrarini David Hummels

2014

Click to access asia-and-global-production-networks.pdf

 

 

 

Global Production Networks: Theorizing Economic Development in an Interconnected World

By Neil M. Coe, Henry Wai-Chung Yeung

2015

 

 

Toward a Dynamic Theory of Global Production Networks

Henry Wai-chung Yeung

Neil M. Coe

 

Click to access 2015_GPN_theory_paper_EG%20Vol91(1)_29-58.pdf

 

 

Global Value Chains and deVelopment

unido’s support towards inclusive and sustainable industrial development

2015

Click to access GVC_REPORT_FINAL.PDF

 

 

Global Value Chains: The New Reality of International Trade

Sherry Stephenson

December 2013

Click to access E15_GVCs_BP_Stephenson_FINAL.pdf

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS SURVEYING DRIVERS AND MEASURES

João Amador and Sónia Cabral

2014

Click to access ecbwp1739.en.pdf

 

 

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES

Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report

2015

 

Click to access Chapter%207%20-%20GVCs%20in%20the%20Asia-Pacific.pdf

Click to access Full%20Report%20%20-%20APTIR%202015.pdf

 

 

Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward

JENNIFER BAIR

2005

COMPETITION & CHANGE, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2005 153–180

 

 

Global Value Chains: Development Challenges and Policy Options

Proposals and Analysis

December 2013

Click to access E15-Global-Value-Chains-Compliation-Report-FINAL.pdf

 

 

Globalizing’ regional development: a global production networks perspective

Neil M Coe, Martin Hess, Henry Wai-chung Yeung, Peter Dicken and Jeffrey Henderson

Click to access 2004_TIBG.pdf

 

 

Multilateral approaches to Global Supply Chains

 

International Labour Office

2014

 

Click to access wcms_485351.pdf