Dirk Baecker on Social Systems and Cybernetics
Key Terms
- System Theory
- Social System Theory
- Dirk Baecker
- Niklas Luhmann
- Cybernetics
- Socio-Cybernetics
- Organizations
- Management
- Decisions
- Networks
- Closure
- George Spencer Brown
- Recursion
- Recursive Society
- Form of the Firm
- Culture Theory
- Systems
- Network Theory
- Network Society
- Communication
- Mark of Distinction
- Laws of Form
- Catjects
- Autopoiesis
- Self Referential Systems
Organizations, Management, and Decisions
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Source: The Form of the Firm
Social Systems, Socio Cybernetics
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
Source: Systems, Network, and Culture
My Related Posts
You can search for these posts using Search Posts feature in the right sidebar.
- A Calculus for Self Reference, Autopoiesis, and Indications
- Social and Symbolic Boundaries
- Networks, Narratives, and Interaction
- Cybernetics, Autopoiesis, and Social Systems Theory
- Society as Communication: Social Systems Theory of Niklas Luhmann
- Autocatalysis, Autopoiesis and Relational Biology
- Boundaries and Relational Sociology
Key Sources of Research
Systems Are Theory
Baecker, Dirk,
(May 1, 2016).
Cybernetics & Human Knowing 24, 2 (2017), 9–39, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2512647 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2512647
Why Systems?
Baecker, D. (2001).
Theory, Culture & Society, 18(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327601018001005
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228319409_Why_Systems
“7 Systems in Social Theory”
Baecker, Dirk.
In Social Theory Now edited by Claudio E. Benzecry, Monika Krause and Isaac Ariail Reed, 201-226. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226475318-008
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226475318-008/html?lang=en#Chicago
Social Theory Now,
Benzecry, Claudio E., Krause, Monika and Reed, Isaac Ariail.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226475318
Systems, Network, and Culture.
Baecker, Dirk. (2009).
Soziale Systeme. 15. 10.1515/sosys-2009-0204.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228299899_Systems_Network_and_Culture
https://www.academia.edu/24649143/Systems_Network_and_Culture
The Meaning of Culture.
Baecker, Dirk (1997).
Thesis Eleven 51 (1):37-51.
https://philpapers.org/rec/BAETMO-2
Abstract
The article inquires into the uneasiness of sociological systems theory about culture. Culture alternatively is called the solution to the problem of double contingency (Parsons) and removed from this solution (Luhmann). It is shown that meaning is the more basic term whose description reveals a form rule of social systems which is only patterned, yet not understood by culture. Culture is a memory and control device of society. It may be conceived of as providing the distinction of correct versus incorrect behaviour. But who decides on the correctness or incorrectness of this distinction? Sociological thinking takes off where the cultural and the social are distinguished
The Interpretation of Cultures.
Geertz, Clifford,
Organisation als System.
Wilts, A. Dirk Baecker:
Koelner Z.Soziol.u.Soz.Psychol 53, 801 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-001-0126-y
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11577-001-0126-y
Introduction to Systems Theory / Niklas Luhmann ;
Luhmann, Niklas, Dirk. Baecker, and Peter Gilgen.
Edited by Dirk Baecker ; Translated by Peter Gilgen.
Cambridge: Polity, 2013.
https://catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991002792809703276/01VAN_INST:vanui
System-autopoiesis-form: an introduction to Luhmann’s ‘Introduction to Systems Theory’ / Peter Gilgin — Editor’s preface to the German edition — I. Sociology and systems theory. The functionalism of system maintenance ; Parsons — II. General systems theory. The theory of open systems ; System as difference (formal analysis) ; Operational closure ; Self-organization, autopoiesis ; Structural coupling ; Observing ; Re-entry ; Complexity ; The idea of rationality — III. Time — IV. Meaning — V. Psychic and social systems. Problems of “action theory” ; Two modes of operation of autopoiesis — VI. Communication as a self-observing operation — VII. Double contingency, structure, conflict.
Description
Niklas Luhmann ranks as one of the most important sociologists and social theorists of the twentieth century. Through his many books he developed a highly original form of systems theory that has been hugely influential in a wide variety of disciplines. In Introduction to Systems Theory, Luhmann explains the key ideas of general and sociological systems theory and supplies a wealth of examples to illustrate his approach. The book offers a wide range of concepts and theorems that can be applied to politics and the economy, religion and science, art and education, organization and the family. Moreover, Luhmann’s ideas address important contemporary issues in such diverse fields as cognitive science, ecology, and the study of social movements. This book provides all the necessary resources for readers to work through the foundations of systems theory–no other work by Luhmann is as clear and accessible as this. There is also much here that will be of great interest to more advanced scholars and practitioners in sociology and the social sciences.
Niklas Luhmann (1927 – 1998)
por Dirk Baecker
Dirk Baecker, Universidad de Witten/Herdecke, Alemania
Fuente: http://www.isss.org/lumluhmann.htm.
https://www.infoamerica.org/teoria_articulos/luhmann01.htm
Shape of things to come: From the ‘laws of form’ to management in the post-growth economy
Organizing for the post-growth economy
NIKLAS LUHMANN’S THEORY OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND JOURNALISM RESEARCH,
Alexander Görke & Armin Scholl (2006)
Journalism Studies, 7:4, 644-655, DOI: 10.1080/14616700600758066
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700600758066
Lenin’s Void : Towards a Kenogrammar of Management.
Baecker, Dirk (2013).
[S.l.] : SSRN.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2200779.
Problems of Form
by Dirk Baecker
EDITED BY DIRK BAECKER
TRANSLATED BY MICHAEL IRMSCHER, WITH LEAH EDWARDS
Stanford University Press 1999
https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=1485
A Calculus for Autopoiesis
Baecker, Dirk,
(June 1, 2012).
in: Dirk Baecker und Birger P. Priddat (eds.), Ökonomie der Werte: Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Michael Hutter, Marburg: Metropolis, 2013, 249-267, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2073362 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2073362
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2073362
A note on Ludwig von Bertalanffy and the form problem of life
Dirk Baecker
First published: 12 April 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2597
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sres.2597
Complexity and Recursivity in Brain, Mind, and Culture
Dirk Baecker
Between Niklas Luhmann and Heinz von Foerster there has been a certain dispute about whether it would be better to start theoretical work based on the notion of complexity or on the notion of recursivity. An interest in complexity, for Heinz von Foerster, means that books get longer and longer, whereas an interest in recursivity could mean to help sociology to help people get out of perhaps pathological eigen-values of their behavior. That would open venues for a different kind of social therapy in conflicts, for instance. Luhmann answered that an understanding of social systems evidently consisting of recursive processes cannot do without the question of what distinctions enable those systems to reduce and enhance the complexity of their environment in the first place. The presentation proposes to switch to a mathematical understanding of complexity as the pairing of variables, which are as related as irreducible to each other (Diophantus). We are looking for a kind of a calculus that describes the co-evolution of complexity in brain, mind, and culture as the result and precondition of their recursive reproduction. And we propose to add the systems references of the mental and the social to the current interest in cognitive sciences in the systems references of the brain and the machine in order to be able to understand the recursive complexity of the cognitive phenomena we are currently dealing with.
Self-Reference and (Non-)Trivialization. The Social Impact of Cybernetic Concepts
Dirk Baecker (Friedrichshafen), Wolfgang Coy (Berlin), Jan Müggenburg (Lüneburg),
Claus Pias (Lüneburg)
Heinz von Foerster Congress
University of Vienna 2011
https://hvfoerster.univie.ac.at/congress/abstract/baecker_dirk.html
Cybernetic Research in the 1960s faced a dilemma: On the one hand there was a growing awareness that the human being shares specific organizational principles with other biological and even technological systems and that the boundaries between them had started to blur. On the other hand cyberneticians such as Heinz von Foerster and the members of his Biological Computer Laboratory worried about a future society in which automated technologies could threaten individual liberty and constrain human creativity. As von Foerster famously put it: »If we don‘t act ourselves, we shall be acted upon«. Cybernetic Concepts of ›self-organziation‹ and ›non-trivial machines‹ can thus be read as a strategy to retain the humanistic idea of an autonomous subject within cybernetic research and theory. The Panel wants to discuss the original cybernetic concepts of ›self-organization‹ and ›non-trivialization‹ and examine their impact on other theories and debates outside the cybernetic core group during the 1960s and beyond.
Observers Amongst Themselves / Beobachter unter sich
A Theory of Culture
https://www.suhrkamp.de/rights/book/dirk-baecker-observers-amongst-themselves-fr-9783518585900
The philosophers of German Idealism – Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel – each developed concepts that may be regarded as prolegomena to a theory of the observer. These culminated, especially in the case of Fichte, in the notion of the self as empty and therefore in need of an external world.
In this world, theoretical knowledge and practical action are never in perfect alignment, which means that the very process of observation and the observer himself can only be conceived in terms of difference and complexity. This is fortunate for cultural theory, which depends precisely on placing the observer in relation not only to other observers but also that which he observes.
Drawing on George Spencer-Brown’s formal calculus, Dirk Baecker shows that this provides a solid basis for the formulation of a theory of the observer. Building upon an original re-reading of the history of philosophy and theory, Baecker argues that it is possible to understand culture as the recognition of the position of an observer from the perspective of that position’s contingency. This book is nothing less than an impressive, formal foundation for a sociological theory of culture.
Schlüsselwerke der Systemtheorie
(key Works in System Theory)
Editors
Dirk Baecker
4th ed., Springer VS, 2021,
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33415-4
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-33415-4
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-3-658-33415-4/1?pdf=chapter%20toc
The Form of the Firm.
- Source: Organization . Jan2006, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p109-142. 34p.
- Author(s): Baecker, Dirk
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228287462_The_Form_of_the_Firm
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350508406059644
Abstract:
This paper presents a sociological and constructivist model of the organization of a firm. It presents five suggestions, and one problem, on which the theory of the firm may be based. These are history, business, culture, management, systems references and context respectively. It goes on to introduce George Spencer Brown’s notion of form as an appropriate device with which to handle the problem. Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems is considered to be an important step in developing a theory of differentiation that combines closure with structure, or self-referentiality with coupling, in showing how dependent communication emerges from independent contingency. The model then focuses on the idea of a contingent co-variation of the variables product, technology, organization, economy, society and individuals. It is developed with respect to five levels of re-entry: work, business, corporate culture, communication and philosophy. The idea of the paper is that models of this kind may be able to contribute to an analytical understanding of the synthesis of a firm by enabling an observer, who may be an employee, a manager, an investor, a client, a partner, an analyst or a consultant, to interact selectively with that firm and thereby take part in its reproduction and variation.
Schriften
Dirk Baecker
http://homepage.mac.com/baecker/schriften.html
Social Systems (Writing Science)
Niklas Luhmann, John Bednarz (Translator), Dirk Baecker (Translator)
Publication Date: January 1st, 1996
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 9780804726252
Pages: 684
https://mitpressbookstore.mit.edu/book/9780804726252
The Network Synthesis of Social Action I: Towards a Sociological Theory of Next Society
Author: Baecker, Dirk
Source: Cybernetics & Human Knowing, Volume 14, Number 4, 2007, pp. 9-42(34)
Publisher: Imprint Academic
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/imp/chk/2007/00000014/00000004/art00002?crawler=true
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=856212
The Network Synthesis of Social Action II: Understanding Catjects
Dirk Baecker
Cybernetics And Human Knowing. Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 45-66
5 Systemic theories of communication
Dirk Baecker
Chapter 5 in Book Theories and Models of Communication
Handbooks of Communication Science Volume 1
Edited by
Paul Cobley and Peter J. Schulz
Aristotle and George Spencer-Brown
Dirk Baecker
Zeppelin University April 2012
Managing Corporations in Networks
Article in Thesis Eleven · August 2001
DOI: 10.1177/0725513601066000005
Working the Form: George Spencer-Brown and the Mark of Distinction
Dirk Baecker
Universität Witten/Herdecke
dirk.baecker@uni-wh.de
(June 14, 2015). Mousse Magazine. Supplement Settimana Basileia, June 2015, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2618146
Network Society
Dirk Baecker
In: Niels Overgaard Lehmann, Lars Qvortrup, Bo Kampmann Walter (eds.), The Concept of the Network Society: Post-Ontological Reflections. Copenhagen: Samsfundslitteratur Press, 2007, pp. 95-112
A note on Max Weber’s unfinished theory of economy and society,
Baecker, Dirk (2007) :
economic sociology_the european electronic newsletter, ISSN 1871-3351, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG), Cologne, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 27-30
The Intelligence of Ignorance in Self-Referential Systems
Dirk Baecker
in: Robert Trappl (ed.), Cybernetics and Systems ’94. Proceedings of the Twelfth European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research, Vienna, Austria, 5-8 April 1994, vol. II, Singapore: World Scientific, 1994, S. 1555-1562
WHAT IS HOLDING SOCIETIES TOGETHER? ON CULTURE FORMS, WORLD MODELS, AND CONCEPTS OF TIME
Dirk Baecker
Translated by Stan Jones and Anja Welle
Criticism Winter 2011, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 1–22. ISSN 0011-1589. ©2011 by Wayne State University Press Detroit, Michigan 48201-1309
Foreword: A Mathematics of Form, A Sociology of Observers
Dirk Baecker
Cybernetics and Human Knowing. Vol. 20, nos. 3-4, pp. 5-8
The Joker in the Box or The Theory Form of the System
Dirk Baecker
in: Cybernetics and Human Knowing 9 (2002), pp. 39-62
Systems Are Theory
Dirk Baecker
Cybernetics and Human Knowing. Vol. 24 (2017), no. 2, pp. 9-39
A Calculus of Negation in Communication
Dirk Baecker
Cybernetics and Human Knowing. Vol. 24 (2017), nos. 3-4, pp. 17-27
Reintroducing Communication into Cybernetics
Dirk Baecker
Systemica, vol 11 (1997), p. 11-29
Interfaces – A View from Social Systems Theory
Dirk Baecker
http://homepage.mac.com/baecker/
Journée d’étude avec Harrison C. White, “Social Embeddedness of Economic Transactions”, Maison Suger, Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, June 10, 1997
A Sociological Reading of George Spencer-Brown’s Laws of Form
Baecker, Dirk,
(January 4, 2021). Louis H Kauffman, Andrew Compton, Leon Conrad, Fred Cummins, Randolph Dible, Graham Ellsbury, and Florian Grote (eds.), Laws of Form – A Fiftieth Anniversary, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3678663 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3678663
Abstract
A sociological reading of George Spencer-Brown’s Laws of Form consists in reading it as a theory of the observer. The paper looks at the “cross” established by the calculus of indications as a universal operator of general, or reflective, negation, presents second-order observation as a means to introduce indeterminacy as a precondition to communication and reads Spencer-Brown’s primary arithmetic and primary algebra as steps towards an understanding of the (socio-)logical space comprehending any arrangement and re-arrangement of indications and distinctions. A short overview of the history of the notion of “form,” or “idea,” as developed by Plato, disclaimed by Kant and Hegel, and employed by Marx, Simmel, and Cassirer shows that this notion from the beginning hides, and passes on, problems of self-reference, even if disguised as transcendental subjectivity. A way to deal with these problems may be shown by Spencer-Brown’s introduction of imaginary states within equations of the second degree. Imaginary states, or values, allow time, society, nature, and technology to be introduced as references accounting for, exploring, and exploiting the indeterminacy created by them. v5
Keywords: calculus of indications, form, nature, time, society, sociology
A Model of Social Action
Dirk Baecker
October 2006, updated July 14, 2008
A System One Research Journal Project http://journal.systemone.at/spaces/journal/members/Dirk+Baecker
Click to access Modelsocialaction.pdf
Layers, Flows, and Switches: Individuals in Next Society
Dirk Baecker
Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen, GERMANY
(January 15, 2011). Beate Geissler, Oliver Sann, Brian Holmes (eds.), Volatile Smile, Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2014, 90-97,
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2200791 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2200791
the culture of cybernetics
Dirk Baecker
• Zeppelin University, Germany
• dirk.baecker@zeppelin-university.de
The N-Closure of the Observer
Dirk Baecker
April 2008, updated July 15, 2008
“Systemdynamik und Systemethik – Gibt es eine Verantwortung für Soziale Systeme? Tagung für Walter L. Bühl”, Universität München, April 25-26, 2008
The Conditions of Money’s Compliance : Georg Simmel and Sociological Systems Theory.
Baecker, Dirk (2013).
[S.l.] : SSRN.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2285734.
Negation and Imagination in Economic Calculus*
Dirk Baecker
Some-thing from No-thing: G. Spencer-brown’s Laws of Form.
Dirk Baecker
Abstract:
G. Spencer-Brown’s Laws of Form is summarized and the philosophical implications examined. Laws of Form is a mathematical system which deals with the emergence of anything out of the void. It traces how a single distinction in a void leads to the creation of space, where space is considered at its most primitive, without dimension. This in turn leads to two seemingly self-evident “laws”. With those laws taken as axioms, first an arithmetic is developed, then an algebra based on the arithmetic. The algebra is formally equivalent to Boolean algebra, though it satisfies all 2-valued systems. By following the implications of the algebra to its logical conclusions, self-reference emerges within the system in the guise of re-entry into the system. Spencer-Brown interprets this re-entry as creating time in much the same way in which distinction created space. Finally the paper considers the question of self-reference as seen in Francisco Varela’s Principles of Biological Autonomy, which extended Spencer-Brown’s Laws of Form to a 3-valued system.
Organization and Decision
Authors NIklas Luhmann, Dirk Baecker
Editor Dirk Baecker
Translated by Rhodes Barrett
Edition illustrated
Publisher Cambridge University Press, 2018
ISBN 1108472079, 9781108472074
Length 418 pages
Wozu Systeme?
Author Dirk Baecker
Publisher Kulturverl. Kadmos, 2002
ISBN 3931659232, 9783931659233
Length 189 pages
Observing Networks: A Note on Asymmetrical Social Forms
Dirk Baecker*
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1974810
References
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026327601018001005
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Ashby, W. Ross (1961) `Principles of Self-Organization’, pp. 255-278 in Heinz von Foerster and G.W. Zopf, Jr (eds) Principles of Self-Organization. New York: Pergamon.
Baecker, Dirk (1994) `The Intelligence of Ignorance in Self-Referential Systems’, pp. 1555-1562 in Robert Trappl (ed.) Cybernetics and Systems ’94, Proceedings of the Twelfth European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research, Vienna, 5-8 April 1994, vol. II. Singapore: World Scientific.
Baecker, Dirk (1999a) `Gypsy Reason: Niklas Luhmann’s Sociological Enlightenment’, Cybernetics and Human Knowing 3(3): 5-19.
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